Butterfly gardening – Wikipedia
Gardening to profit butterflies
Butterfly gardening is a method to create, enhance, and preserve habitat for lepidopterans together with butterflies, skippers, and moths.[2] Butterflies have 4 distinct life phases—egg, larva, chrysalis, and grownup. With the intention to assist and maintain butterfly populations, a great butterfly backyard accommodates habitat for every life stage.
Butterfly larvae, with some exceptions such because the carnivorous harvester (Feniseca tarquinius), devour plant matter and could be generalists or specialists. Whereas butterflies just like the painted lady (Vanessa cardui)[3] are identified to devour over 200 vegetation as caterpillars, different species just like the monarch (Danaus plexippus),[4] and the regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia)[5] solely devour vegetation in a single genus, milkweed and violets, respectively.
As adults, butterflies feed primarily on nectar, however they’ve additionally advanced to devour rotting fruit, tree sap, and even carrion.[6] Supporting nectarivorous grownup butterflies includes planting nectar vegetation of various heights, shade, and bloom instances. Butterfly bait stations can simply be made to offer a meals supply for species that want fruit and sap. Along with meals sources, windbreaks within the type of timber and shrubs shelter butterflies and may present larval meals and overwintering grounds.[7] “Puddling” is a habits usually finished by male butterflies through which they collect to drink vitamins and water and incorporating a puddling floor for butterflies will improve a butterfly backyard.[8][9] Whereas butterflies should not the one pollinator, creating butterfly habitat additionally creates habitat for bees, beetles, flies, and different pollinators[7]
Reasoning[edit]
Butterfly gardening gives a leisure exercise to view butterflies interacting with the setting. Moreover anthropocentric values of butterfly gardening, creating habitat reduces the impacts of habitat fragmentation and degradation. Habitat degradation is a multivariate problem; improvement, elevated use of pesticides and herbicides, woody encroachment, and non-native vegetation are contributing elements to the decline in butterfly and pollinator habitat.[10] Pollination is one ecological service butterflies present; about 90% of flowering vegetation and 35% of crops depend on animal pollination.[10][11] Butterfly gardens and monarch waystations, even in developed urban areas, present habitat[12] that will increase the range of butterflies and different pollinators, together with bees, flies, and beetles.[13]
Floor-truthing[edit]
Earlier than shopping for vegetation and digging into the soil, “ground-truthing” is a crucial first step, Floor-truthing includes surveying a property as a way to assess the present sources out there. Some points to remember are the next:
- south-facing slopes
- pure wind breaks
- current plant species
- current butterfly species
Butterflies are ectothermic and depend on photo voltaic radiation for his or her metabolism. South-facing slopes are a great location for a butterfly backyard, as they supply probably the most photo voltaic radiation (within the Northern Hemisphere; the alternative is true within the Southern Hemisphere). Shrubs and timber present wind breaks for butterflies, and may also be host vegetation, reminiscent of spicebush (Lindera benzoin) or pawpaw (Asimina triloba)[14][15]
The sorts of vegetation utilized in a butterfly backyard will decide which species of butterflies will go to a backyard. Lepidoptera societies and the Division of Pure Assets usually present state and county distribution maps of native butterflies. There are lists of butterfly species and their host vegetation that are informative to the plant species wanted within the backyard (see: Larval food plants of Lepidoptera). Whereas non-native vegetation do present flora sources later within the season, they’ll have an general destructive impact on butterflies and different pollinators.[10] Due to this fact, it’s usually advisable to make use of native vegetation.
Relying on the zone, some butterfly attracting vegetation embrace: purple cone flower (Echinacea purpurea), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), yellow cone flowers, sunflowers, marigolds, poppies, cosmos, salvias, some lilies, asters, coreopsis, daisies, Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium), verbenas, Blue Mist Shrub (Caryopteris × clandonensis), lantanas, liastris, milkweed (particularly for the monarch butterfly, whose caterpillars feed solely on this plant), zinnias, pentas, porterweeds, and others.[16] Keep away from cultivars of vegetation which have “double flowers” as their reproductive components have been transformed into additional petals and due to this fact don’t produce floral rewards for butterflies and different pollinators.[17] Care also needs to be taken to analysis a species to guarantee that it’s not invasive in a given area.
Buddleja davidii, which is usually known as “butterfly-bush”, attracts many butterflies.[18] Because it originated in China, it’s presently planted in lots of components of the world through which it’s non-native.[18] In such settings, the plant feeds many native butterflies and different grownup pollinators, however not lots of their larvae.[19] As B. davidii is invasive in some areas,[20] plantings of the species are controversial.[19][21][22] To stop seeding and to advertise additional flowering, its blossoms have to be eliminated (“deadheaded“) as quickly as they’re spent.[18]
Numerous Buddleja cultivars have turn out to be out there which have quite a lot of sizes and blossom colours. College research have urged that nectaring butterflies have better preferences for a few of these than for others, with Lo & Behold ‘Blue Chip’ and ‘Pink Delight’ heading a listing of 11.[23]
Some Buddleja cultivars are both sterile or produce lower than 2% viable seed (see Non-invasive Buddleja cultivars).[18][19][24][25] The state of Oregon, which designates B. davidii as a “noxious weed” and initially prohibited entry, transport, buy, sale or propagation of all of its varieties, amended its quarantine in 2009 to allow these cultivars when authorised or when confirmed to be interspecific hybrids.[18][19][24][26] Monarch Watch recommends planting solely male-sterile “Flutterby” cultivars.[27]
It is very important keep away from buying vegetation and seeds treated with insecticides reminiscent of neonicotinoids. Though not but conclusive, there may be rising proof that neonicotinoids can have destructive results on pollinating bugs, together with butterflies.[28]
Puddling[edit]
“Puddling” refers back to the habits of male butterflies congregating on moist soil, dung, and carrion to feed on vitamins, particularly sodium.[8] Nectar is low in sodium, and sodium is a limiting nutrient for Lepidoptera. Male butterflies are capable of switch sodium to females throughout copulation. The sodium is handed onto offspring and will increase reproductive success.[9] To create a easy puddling habitat, fill a shallow dish (like a draining tray for a pot) with moist sand. To extend the vitamins, combine compost with the sand. Add footholds for butterflies by including totally different sized rocks.
Baiting[edit]
There are quite a few recipes for creating butterfly bait, however they’ve frequent elements. Fermentation is the important thing to a very good bait, because it mimics the fermentation of rotting fruit and sap within the pure setting.[29] Recipes embrace mixing rotten fruit (i.e. bananas) with beer, maple syrup, molasses, or sugar. Usually yeast is added as nicely to the combination and left to ferment for per week. Urine can be identified to draw fruit-feeding butterflies.[30] The bait could be laid on stumps, rocks, and tree limbs.
Issues[edit]
There are ailments that afflict butterflies, reminiscent of micro organism within the genus Pseudomonas, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, which solely infects queen butterflies and monarch butterflies.
Within the absence of pesticides, aphids and true bugs could infest vegetation. Some gardeners could want to launch ladybugs (ladybirds) and different biological pest control brokers that don’t hurt butterflies as a way to management aphids. Nonetheless, the discharge of ladybugs shouldn’t be a good suggestion in locations reminiscent of the US the place the species that’s launched is usually the invasive Chinese ladybug.
An alternative choice to that is to attend for native predatory bugs to search out the aphids. One approach some use to quicken this course of if the infestation is especially excessive is to spray the bushes with a mixture of sugar and water, simulating aphid honeydew. That is identified to draw lacewings whose larva eat aphids.[31]
One other methodology of management is by spraying the vegetation with water, or rinsing vegetation with a light dish detergent/water resolution (though caterpillars needs to be relocated earlier than suds are utilized). Scented detergents are nice; these containing OxiClean needs to be averted. The aphids will flip black inside a day, and finally fall off. One final approach is to plant quite a lot of totally different flowers, together with ones that appeal to hoverflies and parasitic Braconid wasps, whose larvae kill pest species. Nonetheless, it’s not advisable to kill all aphids, simply to regulate them in order that they don’t seem to be detrimental to vegetation. Aphids nonetheless play a task within the setting by offering meals for predators. There are even some caterpillars such because the harvester which solely eat sure aphid species as a substitute of vegetation.[32]
With small house butterfly gardens, it’s common for the larvae to exhaust the meals supply earlier than metamorphosis happens. Gardeners of monarch butterflies can change the expended milkweed with a slice of pumpkin or cucumber, which may serve as an alternative supply of meals for monarch caterpillars of their last (fifth) instar.[33] Planting a number of vegetation in clumps may help decrease the probabilities of operating out of leaves.
Monarch Watch gives info on rearing monarchs and their host vegetation.[34] Efforts to revive falling butterfly populations by establishing butterfly gardens and migrating monarch “waystations” require specific consideration to the goal species’ meals preferences and inhabitants cycles, as nicely to the circumstances wanted to propagate and preserve their meals vegetation.[35]
For example, it has been urged that the generally bought, widespread Brazilian (or tropical) milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is problematic; though it efficiently beckons the butterflies to put their eggs, with gardeners usually discovering a veritable caterpillar “nursery” on their vegetation, the actual species in query is native to South America. This may be doubtlessly altering to the butterflies’ pure migratory intuition, to fly and breed south of the US; they turn out to be “spoiled” on backyard tropical milkweed, keep the place they’re, and doubtlessly keep away from breeding.
Consciousness of various milkweed species is of significant significance. Within the Washington, D.C. space (and elsewhere within the northeastern United States), monarch butterflies want to breed on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), particularly when its foliage is comfortable and recent. As monarch replica in that space peaks in late summer season, when most A. syriaca leaves are previous and difficult, the plant must be in the reduction of in June, July, or August, to guarantee that will probably be regrowing quickly, when monarch replica reaches its peak. Related circumstances exist for showy milkweed (A. speciosa) in Michigan and for green antelopehorn milkweed (A. viridis) the place it grows within the southern Great Plains and the western United States.[36] As well as, the seeds of A. syriaca and another milkweeds want intervals of chilly remedy (cold stratification) earlier than they’ll germinate.[37]
To guard seeds from washing away throughout heavy rains and from seed–consuming birds, one can cowl the seeds with a lightweight material or with an 0.5 in (13 mm) layer of straw mulch.[38] Nonetheless, mulch acts as an insulator. Thicker layers of mulch can stop seeds from germinating in the event that they stop soil temperatures from rising sufficient when winter ends. Additional, few seedlings can push via a thick layer of mulch.[39]
Many species of milkweed include poisonous cardiac glycosides (cardenolides). Monarch caterpillars deter predators by incorporating these chemical compounds into their our bodies, the place the toxins stay all through the insect’s lifetime.[40] Though monarch caterpillars will feed on butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), the plant accommodates solely low ranges of cardiac glycosides. This may occasionally make A. tuberosa unattractive to egg-laying monarchs.[41] Another milkweeds have related traits.[42]
Along with its low ranges of cardiac glycosides, A. tuberosa has tough leaves, that are additionally unattractive to egg-laying monarchs.[43] Because of these elements, reproducing monarchs don’t usually use A. tuberosa as a bunch plant for his or her offspring.[43] Though the plant’s colourful flowers present nectar for a lot of grownup butterflies, A. tuberosa could due to this fact be much less appropriate to be used in butterfly gardens than are different milkweed species.[43]
Breeding monarchs want to put eggs on swamp milkweed (A. incarnata).[44] A. incarnata is due to this fact usually planted in butterfly gardens and “Monarch Waystations” to assist maintain the butterfly’s populations.[45][46]
Nonetheless, A. incarnata is an early successional plant that normally grows on the margins of wetlands and in seasonally flooded areas. The plant is sluggish to unfold by way of seeds, doesn’t unfold by runners and tends to vanish as vegetative densities enhance and habitats dry out.[46][47] Though A. incarnata vegetation can survive for as much as 20 years, most reside solely two-five years in gardens. The species shouldn’t be shade-tolerant and isn’t a very good vegetative competitor.[47]
Butterflies and moths at typical nectar-foodplants[edit]
- Black, Scott Hoffman; Xerces Society (2016). Gardening For Butterflies: How You Can Attract And Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 9781604697612. LCCN 2015029810. OCLC 945564211. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
- Borders, Brianna; Lee–Mäder, Eric (2014). Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production (PDF). Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Archived (PDF) from the unique on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
- Emmel, Thomas C. (1997). Butterfly Gardening: Creating A Butterfly Haven In Your Garden. Vancouver, Canada: Cavendish Books. ISBN 0929050878. OCLC 1255750975. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
- Glassberg, Jeffrey (1995). Enjoying butterflies more: attract butterflies to your backyard. Marietta, Ohio: Chook Watcher’s Digest Press. ISBN 1880241080. LCCN 96202681. OCLC 35808599. Retrieved March 9, 2020 – by way of Google Books.
- Hurwitz, Jane (2018). Butterfly Gardening: The North American Butterfly Association Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400889365. LCCN 2017958516. OCLC 1017925007. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
- Kline, Christopher (2015). Butterfly Gardening with Native Plants: How to Attract and Identify Butterflies. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781632209306. OCLC 904406951. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
- Krischik, Vera A.; Minnesota Extension Service (1996). Butterfly Gardening. St. Paul, Minnesota: University of Minnesota: Minnesota Extension Service, College of Minnesota. ISBN 9781888440041. OCLC 762548490. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
- Lewis, Alcinda C., ed. (1995). Butterfly Gardens: Luring Nature’s Loveliest Pollinators To Your Yard. Brooklyn, New York: Brooklyn Botanic Garden. ISBN 0945352883. OCLC 1148022089. Handbook #143. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
- Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Black, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America’s Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Society guide. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. ISBN 9781603427470. LCCN 2010043054. OCLC 776997073. Retrieved July 7, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
- Rothschild, Miriam; Farrell, Clive (1983). The Butterfly Gardener. London: Michael Joseph/Rainbird. ISBN 0718122585. LCCN 83670183. OCLC 988155044. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
- Schneck, Marcus (1994). Creating A Butterfly Garden: A Guide To Attracting And Identifying Butterfly Visitors. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671892460. LCCN 93039582. OCLC 29386562. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
- Sedenko, Jerry (1991). The Butterfly Garden: Creating Beautiful Gardens To Attract Butterflies. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 0394589823. OCLC 988338233. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
- Stokes, Donald W.; Stokes, Lillian Q.; Williams, Ernest H. (1991). The Butterfly Book: An Easy Guide To Butterfly Gardening, Identification, And Behavior. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316817805. OCLC 1028872325. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
- Tekulsky, Mathew (2015). The Art Of Butterfly Gardening: How To Make Your Backyard Into A Beautiful Home For Butterflies. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1336285668. OCLC 906132918. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
- Warren, E.J.M. (1988). The Country Diary Book Of Creating A Butterfly Garden (1st American ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0805008144. LCCN 87083030. OCLC 1193384885. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
- Xerces Society; Smithsonian Institution (1998). Butterfly Gardening: Creating Summer Magic In Your Garden. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0871569752. LCCN 90030362. OCLC 763003507. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
See additionally[edit]
- ^ Brower, Lincoln P.; Taylor, Orley R.; Williams, Ernest H.; Slayback, Daniel A.; Zubieta, Raul R.; Ramírez, M. Isabel (March 2012). “Decline of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico: is the migratory phenomenon in danger?: Decline of monarch butterflies in Mexico”. Insect Conservation and Variety. 5 (2): 95–100. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00142.x. hdl:2060/20140010155. S2CID 86566051.
- ^ (1) Xerces Society; Smithsonian Institution (1998). Butterfly Gardening: Creating Summer Magic In Your Garden. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0871569752. LCCN 90030362. OCLC 763003507. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
(2) Warren, E.J.M. (1988). The Country Diary Book Of Creating A Butterfly Garden (1st American ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0805008144. LCCN 87083030. OCLC 1193384885. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
(3) Schneck, Marcus (1994). Creating A Butterfly Garden: A Guide To Attracting And Identifying Butterfly Visitors. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671892460. LCCN 93039582. OCLC 29386562. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
(4) Hurwitz, Jane (2018). Butterfly Gardening: The North American Butterfly Association Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400889365. LCCN 2017958516. OCLC 1017925007. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
(5) Glassberg, J. (1995). Enjoying butterflies more: attract butterflies to your backyard. Marietta, Ohio: Chook Watcher’s Digest Press. ISBN 1880241080. LCCN 96202681. OCLC 35808599. Retrieved March 9, 2020 – by way of Google Books.
(6) Tekulsky, Mathew (2015). The Art Of Butterfly Gardening: How To Make Your Backyard Into A Beautiful Home For Butterflies. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1336285668. OCLC 906132918. Retrieved August 3, 2021 – by way of Google Books.
(7) “Butterfly Gardening: Introduction”. University of Kansas: Monarch Watch. Archived from the unique on February 2, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
(8) “Monarch Garden Plants” (PDF). San Francisco, California: Pollinator Partnership. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
(9) “Monarch Waystation Program”. University of Kansas: Monarch Watch. Archived from the unique on June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
(10) Abugattas, Alonzo (January 3, 2017). “Monarch Way Stations”. Archived from the unique on June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017 – by way of Blogger.
(11) “Plants for Butterfly and Pollinator Gardens: Native and Non-native Plants Suitable for Gardens in the Northeastern United States” (PDF). Monarch Watch. Archived (PDF) from the unique on August 9, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.
(12) Wheeler, Justin (November 21, 2017). “Picking Plants for Pollinators: The Cultivar Conundrum”. Xerces Weblog. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Archived from the unique on April 14, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021. - ^ Krenn, Harald W. (December 24, 2001). “Proboscis musculature within the butterfly Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera): settling the proboscis recoiling controversy: Proboscis musculature in Vanessa cardui”. Acta Zoologica. 81 (3): 259–266. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6395.2000.00055.x.
- ^ “Northeast Region Milkweed Species” (PDF). Monarch Joint Enterprise. Archived (PDF) from the unique on Might 21, 2015.
- ^ Solis-Gabriel, Lizet; Mendoza-Arroyo, Wendy; Boege, Karina; del-Val, Ek (Might 24, 2017). “Restoring lepidopteran diversity in a tropical dry forest: relative importance of restoration treatment, tree identity and predator pressure”. PeerJ. 5: e3344. doi:10.7717/peerj.3344. PMC 5445945. PMID 28560101.
- ^ Ômura, Hisashi; Honda, Keiichi (November 2003). “Feeding responses of grownup butterflies, Nymphalis xanthomelas, Kaniska canace and Vanessa indica, to elements in tree sap and rotting fruits: synergistic results of ethanol and acetic acid on sugar responsiveness”. Journal of Insect Physiology. 49 (11): 1031–1038. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.07.001. PMID 14568581.
- ^ a b Mader, p. 263
- ^ a b Pivnick, Kenneth A.; McNeil, Jeremy N. (December 1987). “Puddling in butterflies: sodium impacts reproductive success in Thymelicus lineola*”. Physiological Entomology. 12 (4): 461–472. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1987.tb00773.x. S2CID 85228518.
- ^ a b Smedley, S. R.; Eisner, T. (December 15, 1995). “Sodium Uptake by Puddling in a Moth”. Science. 270 (5243): 1816–1818. Bibcode:1995Sci…270.1816S. doi:10.1126/science.270.5243.1816. PMID 8525374. S2CID 46385297.
- ^ a b c Hanula, James L.; Ulyshen, Michael D.; Horn, Scott (October 2016). “Conserving Pollinators in North American Forests: A Review” (PDF). Pure Areas Journal. 36 (4): 427–439. doi:10.3375/043.036.0409. S2CID 12503098.
- ^ Nicholls, Clara I.; Altieri, Miguel A. (April 2013). “Plant biodiversity enhances bees and other insect pollinators in agroecosystems. A review” (PDF). Agronomy for Sustainable Growth. 33 (2): 257–274. doi:10.1007/s13593-012-0092-y. S2CID 11207837.
- ^ Geest, Emily A.; Wolfenbarger, L. LaReesa; McCarty, John P. (April 2019). “Recruitment, survival, and parasitism of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in milkweed gardens and conservation areas”. Journal of Insect Conservation. 23 (2): 211–224. doi:10.1007/s10841-018-0102-8. ISSN 1366-638X. S2CID 53633525.
- ^ Matteson, Kevin C.; Langellotto, Gail A. (September 2010). “Determinates of inner city butterfly and bee species richness”. City Ecosystems. 13 (3): 333–347. doi:10.1007/s11252-010-0122-y.
- ^ Attracting native pollinators : protecting North America’s bees and butterflies : the Xerces Society guide. Web Archive. North Adams, MA : Storey Pub. 2011. ISBN 978-1-60342-695-4.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b Wagner, David L. (2005). Caterpillars of Japanese North America: A Information To Identification and Pure Historical past. Princeton: Princeton College Press. doi:10.1515/9781400834143. ISBN 0691121435. OCLC 697174368.[page needed]
- ^ (1) “Butterfly Gardening”. Butterflies for All Events. 2008. Retrieved Might 27, 2008.
(2) Glassberg, J. (1995). Enjoying butterflies more: attract butterflies to your backyard. Marietta, Ohio: Chook Watcher’s Digest Press. ISBN 1880241080. LCCN 96202681. OCLC 35808599. Retrieved March 9, 2020 – by way of Google Books.[page needed]
(3) “Monarch Garden Plants” (PDF). San Francisco, California: Pollinator Partnership. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
(4) “Plants for Butterfly and Pollinator Gardens: Native and Non-native Plants Suitable for Gardens in the Northeastern United States” (PDF). Monarch Watch. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.. - ^ (1) Carlton, Marc; Bostock, Helen. Head, Steve (ed.). “Plants for Pollinators”. United Kingdom: Wildlife Gardening Discussion board. Archived from the unique on July 30, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
“Double” or flora pleno flowers have been bred so that the majority, or all, of the reproductive components of the flower have been transformed into additional petals, so are ineffective for pollinators.
(2) Wheeler, Justin (November 21, 2017). “Picking Plants for Pollinators: The Cultivar Conundrum”. Xerces Weblog. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Archived from the unique on April 14, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
(3) Corbet, Sarah; Bee, Jennie; Dasmahapatra, Kanchon; et al. (February 2001). “Native or Exotic? Double or Single? Evaluating Plants for Pollinator-friendly Gardens”. Annals of Botany. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 87 (2): 219–232. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1322. PMID 32050738.
(4) White, Annie. From Nursery to Nature: Evaluating Native Herbaceous Flowering Plants Versus Native Cultivars for Pollinator Habitat Restoration. Graduate School Dissertations and Theses. 626 (Thesis). Burlington, Vermont: University of Vermont. p. 97. OCLC 1032499444. Retrieved August 1, 2021 – by way of ScholarWorks@UVM.Double-flowers: Deciding on for a double flower additionally comes at a value for pollinators. The reproductive organs (stamens and carpels) in double-flowered varieties have been modified into further petals, thus rendering the plant sterile or close to sterile, and decreasing the amount and/or accessibility of floral rewards (Comba et al. 1999; Corbet et al. 2001).
- ^ a b c d e Younger-Mathews, Ann (2011). “Plant fact sheet for orange eye butterflybush (Buddleja davidii)” (PDF). Corvallis, Oregon: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: Corvallis Plant Supplies Middle. Archived (PDF) from the unique on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Hadley, Debbie (August 26, 2020). “Pros and Cons of Planting Butterfly Bush”. ThoughtCo. Archived from the unique on February 26, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ (1) “butterflybush: Buddleja davidii Franch”. Invasive Plant Atlas Of America. October 2018. Archived from the unique on April 28, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
(2) Dhuill, E.N.; Smyth, N. (2021). “Invasive non-native and alien backyard escape plant species on the southern cliffs of Howth, Co. Dublin (H21)”. Irish Naturalists’ Journal. 37 (2): 102–108.
(3) Tallent-Halsell, Nita G and, Watt, Michael S. (September 2009). “The Invasive Buddleja davidii (Butterfly Bush)”. Botanical Overview. 75 (3): 292–325. doi:10.1007/s12229-009-9033-0. JSTOR 40389400. S2CID 46039523.{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: a number of names: authors checklist (link)
(4) “Buddleja davidii“. Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Analysis, Australian Government. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
(5) “Buddleia: The plant that dominates Britain’s railways”. BBC Information. July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
(6) Brusati, Elizabeth D. (June 21, 2016). “Buddleja davidii Risk Assessment”. Berkeley, California: California Invasive Plant Council. Archived from the unique on January 22, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021. - ^ Hurwitz, Jane, ed. (Summer season 2012). “The Great Butterfly Bush Debate” (PDF). Butterfly Gardener. North American Butterfly Association. 7 (2). Archived (PDF) from the unique on July 22, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ Marazzi, Brigitte; De Micheli, Andrea (2019). “Are sterile Buddleja cultivars really sterile and “environmentally safe”?” (PDF). Bollettino della Società ticinese di scienze naturali. 107: 55–60. ISSN 0379-1254. OCLC 611282784. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ “Buddleia” (PDF). New Brunswick, New Jersey: New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station: Rutgers Workplace of Persevering with Schooling. Archived (PDF) from the unique on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
- ^ a b “Butterfly Bush Approved Cultivars”. Oregon Department of Agriculture. Archived from the unique on October 7, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Bender, Steve (July 26, 2015). “Not Your Mama’s Butterfly Bush”. Southern Living. Birmingham, Alabama: Southern Progress Corporation. ISSN 0038-4305. OCLC 2457928. Archived from the unique on February 26, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ (1) “Noxious Weed Pest Risk Assessment for Butterfly Bush: Buddleja davidii: Buddlejaceae” (PDF). Plant Pest Danger Evaluation. Salem, Oregon: Oregon Department of Agriculture: Noxious Weed Management Program. March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the unique on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
(2) Altland, James (January 2005). “How to keep butterfly bush from spreading noxiously”. Oregon State University Extension Service. Archived from the unique on Might 20, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021. - ^ “Plants For Butterfly And Pollinator Gardens: Native and Non-native Plants Suitable for Gardens in the Northeastern United States” (PDF). Monarch Watch. Archived (PDF) from the unique on October 28, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ (1) “What should I do if plants that I’ve purchased were treated with neonicotinoids or other pesticides? How should I avoid purchasing treated plants in the future?”. FAQ (Ceaselessly Requested Questions). Monarch Joint Enterprise. 2021. Archived from the unique on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
(2) “Neonicinoid Pesticides — The Facts”. Neonicotinoid Pesticides & Bee Colonies. Compound Curiosity: Explorations of on a regular basis chemical compounds. April 2015. Archived from the unique on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2021.Can accumulate in soil; low concentrations present in nectar of handled crops. …. Unfavourable impacts on monarch butterly populations within the USA have just lately been urged.
(3) James, David G. (September 1, 2019). “A Neonicotinoid Insecticide at a Rate Found in Nectar Reduces Longevity but Not Oogenesis in Monarch Butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.). (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)”. Bugs. MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute). 10 (9): 276. doi:10.3390/insects10090276. OCLC 9113208907. PMC 6780620. PMID 31480499.
(4) Olaya‐Arenas, Paola; Hauri, Kayleigh; Scharf, Michael E.; Kaplan, Ian (September 2, 2020). “Larval pesticide exposure impacts monarch butterfly performance” (PDF). Scientific Reports. Nature Research. 10 (1): 14490. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1014490O. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71211-7. OCLC 8773743110. PMC 7468139. PMID 32879347. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
(5) Paulsrud, Bruce E.; Martin, Drew; Babadoost, Mohammad; et al. (November 2001). “Seed Treatment: Chapter 3: Seed Treatment Products and Safe Use: Active Ingredients: Insecticides” (PDF). Oregon Pesticide Applicator Coaching Guide. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences. pp. 13–14. Archived (PDF) from the unique on October 18, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2021. - ^ Laaksonen, Jesse; Laaksonen, Toni; Itämies, Juhani; Rytkönen, Seppo; Välimäki, Panu (June 1, 2006). “A new efficient bait-trap model for Lepidoptera surveys – the ‘Oulu’ model”. Entomologica Fennica. 17 (2): 153–160. doi:10.33338/ef.84301.
- ^ Lucci Freitas, André Victor; Agra Iserhard, Cristiano; Pereira Santos, Jessie; Oliveira CarreiraI, Junia Yasmin; Bandini Ribeiro, Danilo; Alves Melo, Douglas Henrique; Batista Rosa, Augusto Henrique; Marini-filho, Onildo João; Mattos Accacio, Gustavo; Uehara-prado, Marcio (December 2014). “Studies with butterfly bait traps: an overview”. Revista Colombiana de Entomología. 40 (2): 203–212.
- ^ Omkar (February 3, 2016). Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security. Educational Press. p. 322. ISBN 9780128032664 – by way of Google Books.
- ^ “harvester butterfly – Feniseca tarquinius (Fabricius)”. entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
- ^ Maeckle, Monika (April 11, 2014). “Milkweed Shortage Sparks “Alternative Fuels” for Hungry Monarch Caterpillars”. [Texas Butterfly Ranch]. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
- ^ “Monarch Watch”. monarchwatch.org. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
- ^ (1) “Providing Foraging Habitat”: Mader, et al., (2011), pp. 95–121
(2) Borders, Brianna; Lee–Mäder, Eric (2014). “Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production” (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner’s Information: Plant Ecology, Seed Manufacturing Strategies, and Habitat Restoration Alternatives. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 21–95. Archived (PDF) from the unique on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
(3) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). “Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat” (PDF). Worldwide Plant Propagators’ Society, Mixed Proceedings (2014). 64: 299–307. Archived (PDF) from the unique on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – by way of United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. - ^ (1) National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020). Evaluating the Suitability of Roadway Corridors for Use by Monarch Butterflies. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. 79–80. doi:10.17226/25693. ISBN 9780309481328. LCCN 2020935714. OCLC 1229163481. S2CID 218854539. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCRHP) Analysis Report 942. Archived from the unique on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
Might roadside mowing stimulate milkweed progress and assist monarch breeding? Restricted analysis in jap North America has proven that spring or summer season mowing can promote new progress and lengthen the supply of milkweed vegetation for monarch breeding. Mowing could stimulate progress of some milkweed species, notably people who unfold via rhizomes like frequent milkweed (A. syriaca) and showy milkweed (A. speciosa). Summer season (June or July) mowing in Michigan resulted in additional monarch eggs on regenerated stems than unmowed stems. Summer season (July) mowing and burning can enhance inexperienced antelopehorn milkweed (A. viridis) availability within the late summer season and early fall within the Southern Nice Plains, whereas in areas with out mowing, the milkweed has senesced by August. Within the West, showy milkweed will regrow after summer season mowing and proceed to assist monarch breeding (Stephanie McKnight, private remark). Nonetheless, extra analysis is required in different areas to find out the optimum timing and frequency of mowing that promotes not solely milkweed but in addition nectar vegetation. Additionally it is unknown if the good thing about further milkweed availability within the fall outweighs the prices of the larval mortality attributable to summer season mowing. The advantages are seemingly better in areas that primarily have breeding monarchs within the spring and fall and the place the dominant species of milkweed unfold by rhizomes. Sources: Alcock et al. 2016; Baum and Mueller, 2015; Bhowick 1994; Haan and Landis 2019; Fischer et al. 2015
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: a number of names: authors checklist (link)
(2) Higgins, Adrian (Might 27, 2015). “A gardener’s guide to saving the monarch”. Dwelling & Backyard. The Washington Submit. Archived from the unique on Might 31, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2020.“The monarch does not care the place the milkweed grows, and placing it in residential neighborhoods makes good sense,” stated Doug Tallamy, an entomologist on the College of Delaware, writer and professional on wildlife habitat gardens. ….
The Smithsonian Institution’s Butterfly Habitat Garden …. and the Ripley Garden …. are each good locations to see milkweed built-in right into a backyard setting.
On the butterfly backyard, you’ll be able to see the frequent milkweed … now wanting fairly good in recent, unblemished clumps. By late summer season, it appears to be like tall, drained and difficult. Tallamy says in the event you develop it, you must reduce it again not less than by half in June to provide comfortable foliage in late summer season that will probably be extra munchable for the caterpillars. When you try this, ensure there aren’t any larvae on the plant earlier than you chop it.
(3) Abugattas, Alonzo (January 3, 2017). “Monarch Way Stations”. Capital Naturalist. Archived from the unique on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021 – by way of Blogger.Virginia is blessed for example with 13 native Asclepias species plus 4 climbing vines that Monarch caterpillars can feed on. For one of the best outcomes, reduce the among the stems again in late summer season after they’ve bloomed. Fall is the once we get probably the most Monarchs laying eggs on our milkweeds. For the reason that mom butterflies want younger, extra tender progress, you’ll be able to present this by timing your pruning so there are new leaves by September or so for the coming Monarchs. Simply ensure to go away a couple of to provide pods for seeds. The native monarch favourite is Widespread Milkweed (A. syriaca), …..
(4) Gomez, Tony. “Asclepias syriaca: Common Milkweed for Monarch Caterpillars”. Monarch Butterfly Backyard. MonarchButterflyGarden.internet. Archived from the unique on March 16, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2010.Lower- At mid season after the blooms have light, reduce some frequent vegetation again by a few third. This promotes recent plant progress and will get you an additional technology of monarchs on the recent new leaves. Depart some vegetation uncut if you wish to harvest milkweed seeds in fall.
(5) “Northeast Region Milkweed Species” (PDF). Monarch Joint Enterprise. Archived (PDF) from the unique on Might 21, 2015.
(6) Stevens, Michelle. “Plant guide for common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)” (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: Nationwide Plant Information Middle. Archived (PDF) from the unique on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. - ^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee–Mäder, Eric (2014). “Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production: Stratification” (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner’s Information: Plant Ecology, Seed Manufacturing Strategies, and Habitat Restoration Alternatives. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 28–29. Archived (PDF) from the unique on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
(2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). “Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat” (PDF). Worldwide Plant Propagators’ Society, Mixed Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the unique on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – by way of United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service.Many sources of milkweed seeds require stratification (chilly, moist remedy) earlier than sowing. In a overview of stratification necessities for frequent milkweed, suggestions diverse from as quick as 7 days to so long as 11 months at 5°C (41°F) (Luna and Dumroese, 2013). Butterfly milkweed (A. tuberosa) germination elevated from 29 to 48 to 62% as stratification period elevated from 0 to 30 to 60 days, respectively (Bir, 1986). Our casual pure stratification trial with showy (milkweed) and slim leaf milkweed (A. fascicularis) in southern Oregon revealed that seeds started to germinate after 15 weeks in stratification (Fig. 3A).
(3) Higgins, Adrian (Might 27, 2015). “7 milkweed varieties and where to find them”. Dwelling & Backyard. The Washington Submit. Archived from the unique on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.Seed could also be cussed to germinate and might have a interval of chilly remedy.
.
(4) Gomez, Tony. “Asclepias syriaca: Common Milkweed for Monarch Caterpillars”. Monarch Butterfly Backyard. MonarchButterflyGarden.internet. Archived from the unique on March 16, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2010.Begin seeds indoors 2 months earlier than last frost- seeds have to be chilly stratified.
.
(5) Stevens, Michelle. “Plant guide for common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)” (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: Nationwide Plant Information Middle. Archived (PDF) from the unique on July 5, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.If planting in flats or in a greenhouse, frequent milkweed seeds needs to be cold-treated for 3 months.
(6) “Asclepias syriaca“. Butterfly gardening & all issues milkweed. Archived from the unique on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.germination: seed requires chilly moist interval.
- ^ (1) “Establishing Pollinator Habitat from Seed: Sowing Seed”: Mader, et al. (2011), pp. 113–114.
(2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). “Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat: Propagating Native Milkweeds: Seed Propagation” (PDF). Worldwide Plant Propagators’ Society, Mixed Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the unique on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – by way of United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service.Any of the usual seed propagation strategies (Landis et al., 1999) are efficient with milkweed. Direct sowing of non-stratified seeds through the fall adopted by publicity to ambient winter circumstances could be efficient, however the seeds have to be mulched and guarded. Cowl sown seeds with a skinny mulch; analysis has discovered that frequent milkweed seeds germinated higher when planted 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) deep than when on the soil floor (Jeffery and Robison, 1971).
- ^ Bush-Brown, James; Bush-Brown, Louise (1958). “Chapter 32: Mulches”. America’s garden book. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. p. 768. LCCN 58005738. OCLC 597041748 – by way of Internet Archive.
- ^ Parsons, J. A. (Might 1, 1965). “A digitalis-like toxin in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L”. The Journal of Physiology. 178 (2): 290–304. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007628. PMC 1357291. PMID 14298120.
- ^ (1) Gunn, John (Might 20, 2016). “Milkweeds (mostly Asclepias spp.)”. Alonso Abugattas Shares Native Plant Picks for Wildlife. Mid-Atlantic Gardener (John Gunn). Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
And if in case you have sizzling, dry circumstances in your yard, attempt Butterflyweed (A. tuberosa). …. It is the least favored by Monarch caterpillars as a result of it has little or no toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves.
(2) Abugattas, Alonzo (January 3, 2017). “Monarch Way Stations”. Capital Naturalist. Archived from the unique on June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017 – by way of Blogger.(A. tuberosa) is the least favored by monarch caterpillars …. as a result of it has little or no toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves, …. .
(3) Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). “Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species”. Ecosphere. Ecological Society of America (ESA). 9 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2064.In our examine, the least most popular milkweed species A. tuberosa (no selection; Fig. 2) and A. verticillata (selection; Fig. 3A) each have low cardenolide ranges recorded within the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011)
(4) “Butterfly Weed: Asclepias tuberosa” (PDF). Becker County, Minnesota: Becker Soil and Water Conservation District. Archived (PDF) from the unique on September 11, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.Not like different milkweeds, this plant has a transparent sap, and the extent of poisonous cardiac glycosides is constantly low (though different poisonous compounds could also be current).
(5) Mikkelsen, Lauge Hjorth; Hamoudi, Hassan; Gül, Cigdem Altuntas; Heegaard, Steffen (January 31, 2017). “Corneal Toxicity Following Exposure to Asclepias Tuberosa”. The Open Ophthalmology Journal. 11 (1): 1–4. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010001. PMC 5362972. PMID 28400886.
(6) Warashina, Tsutomu; Noro, Tadataka (2010). “8,12;8,20-Diepoxy-8,14-secopregnane Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Asclepias tuberosa”. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 58 (2): 172–179. doi:10.1248/cpb.58.172. PMID 20118575. - ^ Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). “Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species”. Ecosphere. Ecological Society of America (ESA). 9 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2064.
In our examine, the least most popular milkweed species A. tuberosa (no selection; Fig. 2) and A. verticillata (selection; Fig. 3A) each have low cardenolide ranges recorded within the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011)
- ^ a b c Gomez, Tony. “Asclepias tuberosa: Butterfly Weed for Monarchs and More”. Monarch Butterfly Backyard. MonarchButterflyGarden.internet. Archived from the unique on July 29, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Tough leaves for monarch caterpillars, not usually a closely used host plant
.[self-published source?] - ^ Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). “Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species”. Ecosphere. Ecological Society of America (ESA). 9 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2064.
- ^ (1) “Asclepias incarnata”. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University: N.C. Cooperative Extension. Archived from the unique on November 28, 2020.
Use in a naturalized space, pollinator backyard or alongside a pond or stream in full solar to partial shade.
(2) “Asclepias incarnata”. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the unique on February 25, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.Makes use of: Sunny borders, stream/pond banks, butterfly gardens.
(3) Gomez, Tony (April 8, 2013). “Asclepias Incarnata: Swamp Milkweed for Monarch Butterflies and Caterpillars”. Monarch Butterfly Backyard. Archived from the unique on April 22, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
(4) Vogt, Benjamin (February 19, 2015). “Great Design Plant: Asclepias Incarnata for a Butterfly Garden: Beautiful swamp milkweed makes it easy to help monarchs and other pollinators in eastern U.S. gardens”. Palo Alto, California: Houzz. Archived from the unique on Might 7, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. - ^ a b Abugattas, Alonzo (January 3, 2017). “Monarch Way Stations”. Capital Naturalist. Archived from the unique on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021 – by way of Blogger.
A greater choice for many gardeners is likely to be Swamp Milkweed (A. incarnata) which, regardless of its title, does nice in common backyard soil and does not unfold by runners.
- ^ a b “Asclepias incarnata”. Convey Again The Monarchs. Monarch Watch. Archived from the unique on June 12, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
Life span: In gardens most vegetation reside two-five years however identified to outlive as much as 20 years. …. Propagation: Sluggish to unfold by way of seeds. …. ‘Overhead Circumstances: Not shade tolerant. An early successional plant that tends to develop on the margins of wetlands and in seasonally flooded areas. It’s not a very good vegetative competitor and tends to vanish as vegetative density will increase and habitats dry out.
References[edit]
Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Black, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America’s Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Society guide. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. ISBN 9781603427470. LCCN 2010043054. OCLC 776997073. Retrieved July 7, 2021 – by way of Internet Archive.
Exterior hyperlinks[edit]