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Juan Pujol García – Wikipedia

Juan Pujol García – Wikipedia

2024-03-08 06:05:14

Spanish double agent for the British in World Conflict II

Juan Pujol García MBE (Spanish: [ˈxwan puˈʝol ɣaɾˈθi.a]; 14 February 1912 – 10 October 1988), also called Joan Pujol i García (Catalan: [ʒuˈan puˈʒɔl i ɣəɾˈsi.ə]), was a Spanish spy who acted as a double agent loyal to Nice Britain in opposition to Nazi Germany throughout World War II, when he relocated to Britain to hold out fictitious spying actions for the Germans. He was given the codename Garbo by the British; their German counterparts codenamed him Alaric and referred to his non-existent spy community as “Arabal”.[3]

After creating a loathing of political extremism of all kinds throughout the Spanish Civil War, Pujol determined to turn out to be a spy for Britain as a option to do one thing “for the great of humanity”.[4] Pujol and his spouse[5] contacted the British Embassy in Madrid, which rejected his provide.

Undeterred, he created a false id as a fanatically pro-Nazi Spanish authorities official and efficiently grew to become a German agent. He was instructed to journey to Britain and recruit further brokers; as a substitute he moved to Lisbon and created bogus stories about Britain from quite a lot of public sources, together with a vacationer information to Britain, prepare timetables, cinema newsreels and journal commercials.[6]

Though the data wouldn’t have withstood shut examination, Pujol quickly established himself as a reliable agent. He started inventing fictitious sub-agents who may very well be blamed for false info and errors. The Allies lastly accepted Pujol when the Germans expended appreciable assets making an attempt to search out a fictitious convoy.[7] Following interviews by Desmond Bristow of Part V MI6 Iberian Part, Juan Pujol was taken on. The household have been moved to Britain and Pujol was given the code identify “Garbo”. Pujol and his handler Tomás Harris spent the remainder of the conflict increasing the fictional community, speaking to the German handlers at first by letters and later by radio. Ultimately the Germans have been funding a community of 27 brokers, all fictitious.

Pujol had a key function within the success of Operation Fortitude, the deception operation meant to mislead the Germans in regards to the timing, location and scale of the invasion of Normandy in 1944. The false info Pujol equipped helped persuade the Germans that the primary assault can be within the Pas de Calais, in order that they stored giant forces there earlier than and even after the invasion. Pujol had the excellence of receiving navy decorations from either side of the conflict – being awarded the Iron Cross and changing into a Member of the Order of the British Empire.

Youth[edit]

Pujol was born in Barcelona to Joan Pujol, a Catalan who owned a cotton manufacturing facility, and Mercedes García Guijarro, from the Andalusian city of Motril within the Province of Granada.[8][9] The third of 4 kids, Pujol was despatched at age seven to the Valldemia boarding school[10] run by the Marist Brothers[11] in Mataró, twenty miles (32 km) from Barcelona; he remained there for the subsequent 4 years. The scholars have been solely allowed out of the college on Sundays if that they had a customer, so his father made the journey each week.[12]

His mom got here from a strict Roman Catholic household and took Communion on daily basis,[13] however his father was far more secular and had liberal political views.[14] At age 13, he was transferred to a faculty in Barcelona run by his father’s card-playing buddy[15] Monsignor Josep, the place he remained for 3 years.[15] After an argument with a trainer, he determined that he not wished to stay on the college, and have become an apprentice at a ironmongery shop.[16]

Pujol engaged in quite a lot of occupations previous to and after the Spanish Civil War, corresponding to learning animal husbandry on the Royal Poultry Faculty in Arenys de Mar and managing numerous companies, together with a cinema.[14][15][17][18][19]

His father died a couple of months after the Second Republic‘s institution in 1931, whereas Pujol was finishing his schooling as a poultry farmer.[20] Pujol’s father left his household well-provided for, till his father’s manufacturing facility was taken over by the employees within the early levels of the Spanish Civil Conflict.[14]

Spanish Civil Conflict[edit]

Pujol as a conscript, 1931

In 1931, Pujol did his six months of obligatory navy service in a cavalry unit, the seventh Regiment of Gentle Artillery. He knew he was unsuited for a navy profession, hating horse-riding and claiming to lack the “important qualities of loyalty, generosity, and honor”.[21] Pujol was managing a poultry farm north of Barcelona in 1936 when the Spanish Civil War started. His sister Elena’s fiancé was taken by Republican forces. Later, she and his mom have been arrested and charged with being counter-revolutionaries. A relative in a commerce union was in a position to rescue them from captivity.[22]

He was known as up for navy service on the Republican side (in opposition to Francisco Franco‘s Nationalists), however opposed the Republican authorities because of their therapy of his household. He hid at his girlfriend’s residence till he was captured in a police raid and imprisoned for per week, earlier than being freed through the Traditionalist resistance group Socorro Blanco. They hid him till they may produce pretend id papers that confirmed him to be too previous for navy service.[23]

He began managing a poultry farm that had been requisitioned by the native Republican authorities, nevertheless it was not economically viable. The expertise with rule by committee intensified his antipathy in direction of Communism.[24]

He re-joined the Republican navy utilizing his false papers, with the intention to abandon as quickly as doable, volunteering to put telegraph cables close to the entrance line. He managed to abandon to the Nationalist aspect throughout the Battle of the Ebro in September 1938.[14][19] Nevertheless, he was equally ill-treated by the Nationalist aspect, disliking their fascist influences and being struck and imprisoned by his colonel upon Pujol’s expressing sympathy with the monarchy.[25]

His expertise with either side left him with a deep loathing of each fascism and Communism,[19] and by extension Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.[26] He was proud that he had managed to serve either side with out firing a single bullet for both.[19] After his discharge from the Nationalist military, he met Araceli Gonzalez in Burgos and married her in Madrid; that they had one baby, Joan Fernando.[19][27]

World Conflict II[edit]

Impartial spying[edit]

In 1940, throughout the early levels of World Conflict II, Pujol determined that he should make a contribution “for the great of humanity”[4] by serving to Britain, which was on the time Germany’s solely adversary.[19][25]

Beginning in January 1941, he approached the British Embassy in Madrid three completely different instances,[4] together with via his spouse (although Pujol edited her participation out of his memoirs),[19] however they confirmed little interest in using him as a spy. Subsequently, he resolved to ascertain himself as a German agent earlier than approaching the British once more to supply his providers as a double-agent.[19]

Pujol created an id as a fanatically pro-Nazi Spanish authorities official who may journey to London on official enterprise;[4] he additionally obtained a pretend Spanish diplomatic passport by fooling a printer into pondering Pujol labored for the Spanish embassy in Lisbon.[28] He contacted Friedrich Knappe-Ratey, an Abwehr agent in Madrid, codenamed “Frederico”. The Abwehr accepted Pujol and gave him a crash course in espionage (together with secret writing), a bottle of invisible ink, a codebook, and £600 for bills. His directions have been to maneuver to Britain and recruit a community of British brokers.[4]

He moved as a substitute to Lisbon;  – utilizing a vacationer’s information to Britain, reference books and magazines from the Lisbon Public Library, and newsreel stories he noticed in cinemas – created seemingly credible stories that appeared to return from London.[4] Throughout his time in Portugal, he stayed in Estoril, on the Lodge Palácio.[30] He claimed to be travelling round Britain and submitted his journey bills based mostly on fares listed in a British railway information. Pujol’s unfamiliarity with the non-decimal system of currency utilized in Britain on the time was a slight issue.[31] Presently Nice Britain’s unit of foreign money, the pound sterling, was subdivided into 20 shillings, every having twelve pence. Pujol was unable to complete his bills on this complicated system, so merely itemised them, and mentioned that he would ship the whole later.[32]

Throughout this time he created an intensive community of fictitious sub-agents dwelling in several components of Britain. As a result of he had by no means really visited the UK, he made a number of errors, corresponding to claiming that his alleged contact in Glasgow “would do something for a litre of wine”, unaware of Scottish ingesting habits or that the UK didn’t use the metric system.[4] His stories have been intercepted by the British Ultra communications interceptions programme, and appeared so credible that the British counter-intelligence service MI5 launched a full-scale spy hunt.[26]

In February 1942, both he or his spouse (accounts differ)[33] approached the US after it had entered the conflict, contacting U.S. Navy Lieutenant Patrick Demorest within the naval attache‘s workplace in Lisbon, who recognised Pujol’s potential.[26] Demorest contacted his British counterparts.[7]

Work with MI5[edit]

The British had turn out to be conscious that somebody had been misinforming the Germans, and realised the worth of this after the Kriegsmarine wasted assets making an attempt to search out a non-existent convoy reported to them by Pujol.[7] He was moved to Britain on 24 April 1942 and given the code identify “Bovril”, after the drink concentrate. Nevertheless, after he handed the safety examine carried out by MI6 Officer Desmond Bristow, Bristow recommended that he be accompanied by MI5 officer Tomás Harris (a fluent Spanish speaker) to temporary Pujol on how he and Harris ought to work collectively. Pujol’s spouse and baby have been later moved to Britain.[17]

Pujol operated as a double agent underneath the XX Committee‘s aegis; Cyril Mills was initially Bovril’s case officer; however he spoke no Spanish and shortly dropped out of the image. His most important contribution was to counsel, after the actually extraordinary dimensions of Pujol’s creativeness and accomplishments had turn out to be obvious, that his code identify must be modified as befitted “the most effective actor on the earth”; and Bovril grew to become “Garbo”, after Greta Garbo.[34] Mills handed his case over to the Spanish-speaking officer Harris.[4]

Collectively, Harris and Pujol wrote 315 letters, averaging 2,000 phrases, addressed to a post-office field in Lisbon equipped by the Germans. His fictitious spy community was so environment friendly and verbose that his German handlers have been overwhelmed and made no additional makes an attempt to recruit any further spies within the UK, in accordance with the Official Historical past of British Intelligence in World Conflict II.[4]

Pujol’s case officer at MI5, Tomás Harris

The knowledge equipped to German intelligence was a combination of full fiction, real info of little navy worth, and beneficial navy intelligence artificially delayed. In November 1942, simply earlier than the Operation Torch landings in North Africa, Garbo’s agent on the River Clyde reported {that a} convoy of troopships and warships had left port, painted in Mediterranean camouflage. Whereas the letter was despatched by airmail and postmarked earlier than the landings, it was intentionally delayed by British Intelligence in an effort to arrive too late to be helpful. Pujol acquired a reply stating “we’re sorry they arrived too late however your final stories have been magnificent.”[4]

Pujol had been supposedly speaking with the Germans through a courier, a Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM) pilot prepared to hold messages to and from Lisbon for money. This meant that message deliveries have been restricted to the KLM flight schedule. In 1943, responding to German requests for speedier communication, Pujol and Harris created a fictitious radio operator. From August 1943 radio grew to become the popular technique of communication.[4][35]

From time to time, he needed to invent the reason why his brokers had did not report simply out there info that the Germans would finally learn about. For instance, he reported that his (fabricated) Liverpool agent had fallen ailing simply earlier than a significant fleet motion from that port, and so was unable to report the occasion.[36] To assist this story, the agent finally “died” and an obituary was positioned within the native newspaper as additional proof to persuade the Germans.[37] The Germans have been additionally persuaded to pay a pension to the agent’s widow.[38]

For radio communication, “Alaric” wanted the strongest hand encryption the Germans had. The Germans supplied Garbo with this technique, which was in flip equipped to the codebreakers at Bletchley Park. Garbo’s encrypted messages have been to be acquired in Madrid, manually decrypted, and re-encrypted with an Enigma machine for retransmission to Berlin.[39] Having each the original text and the Enigma-encoded intercept of it, the codebreakers had the absolute best supply materials for a chosen-plaintext attack on the Germans’ Enigma key.[40]

Operation Fortitude[edit]

In January 1944, the Germans informed Pujol that they believed a large-scale invasion in Europe was imminent and requested to be stored knowledgeable. This invasion was Operation Overlord, and Pujol performed a number one function in Operation Fortitude, the deception marketing campaign to hide Overlord. He despatched over 500 radio messages between January 1944 and D-Day, at instances greater than twenty messages per day.[41] Throughout planning for the Normandy seaside invasion, the Allies determined that it was vitally necessary that the German leaders be misled into believing that the touchdown would occur on the Strait of Dover.[4]

As a way to preserve his credibility, it was determined that Garbo (or considered one of his brokers) ought to forewarn the Germans of the timing and a few particulars of the particular invasion of Normandy, though sending it too late for them to take efficient motion. Particular preparations have been made with the German radio operators to be listening to Garbo via the night time of 5/6 June 1944, utilizing the story {that a} sub-agent was about to reach with necessary info. Nevertheless, when the decision was made at 3 AM, no reply was acquired from the German operators till 8 AM. This enabled Garbo so as to add extra, real however now out-of-date, operational particulars to the message when lastly acquired, and thus enhance his standing with the Germans. Garbo informed his German contacts that he was disgusted that his first message was missed, saying “I can’t settle for excuses or negligence. Had been it not for my beliefs I’d abandon the work.”[4]

An inflatable M4 Sherman tank of the First U.S. Army Group

On 9 June – three days after D-day – Garbo despatched a message to German intelligence that was handed to Adolf Hitler and the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW; German Excessive Command).[26] Garbo mentioned that he had conferred together with his prime brokers and developed an order of battle exhibiting 75 divisions in Britain; in actuality, there have been solely about 50. A part of the “Fortitude” plan was to persuade the Germans {that a} fictitious formation – First U.S. Army Group, comprising 11 divisions (150,000 males), commanded by Normal George Patton – was stationed in southeast Britain.[4]

See Also

The deception was supported by pretend planes, inflatable tanks, and vans travelling in regards to the space transmitting bogus radio chatter. Garbo’s message identified that models from this formation had not participated within the invasion, and due to this fact the primary touchdown must be thought-about a diversion. A German message to Madrid despatched two days later mentioned “all stories acquired within the final week from Arabel [spy network codename] endeavor have been confirmed with out exception and are to be described as particularly beneficial.” A post-war examination of German information discovered that, throughout Operation Fortitude, no fewer than sixty-two of Pujol’s stories have been included in OKW intelligence summaries.[43]

OKW accepted Garbo’s stories so fully that they stored two armoured divisions and 19 infantry divisions within the Pas de Calais ready for a second invasion via July and August 1944. The German Commander-in-Chief within the west, Area Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, refused to permit Normal Erwin Rommel to maneuver these divisions to Normandy.[4] There have been extra German troops within the Pas de Calais area two months after the Normandy invasion than there had been on D-Day.[44]

In late June, Garbo was instructed by the Germans to report on the falling of V-1 flying bombs. Discovering no manner of giving false info with out arousing suspicion, and being unwilling to present appropriate info, Harris organized for Garbo to be “arrested”.[45][46] He returned to obligation a couple of days later, now having a “want” to keep away from London, and forwarded an “official” letter of apology from the Dwelling Secretary for his illegal detention.[46][47]

The Germans paid Pujol US$340,000[48] over the course of the conflict to assist his community of brokers, which at one level totalled 27 fabricated characters.[49]

Honours[edit]

As Alaric, he was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class on 29 July 1944, for his providers to the German conflict effort. The award was usually reserved for front-line combating males and required Hitler’s private authorisation.[50][51] The Iron Cross was offered through radio.[26]

As Garbo, he acquired an MBE from King George VI, on 25 November 1944.[52] The Nazis by no means realised that they had been fooled, and thus Pujol together with Eddie Chapman, one other double agent, earned the excellence of being one of many few to obtain decorations from either side throughout World Conflict II.[39]

After the conflict[edit]

Pujol’s passport in Venezuela

After the Second World Conflict, Pujol feared reprisals from surviving Nazis. With the assistance of MI5, Pujol travelled to Angola and faked his dying from malaria in 1949.[8] He then moved to Lagunillas, Venezuela, the place he lived in relative anonymity operating a bookstore and reward store.[4]

Pujol divorced his first spouse and married Carmen Cilia,[33] with whom he had two sons, Carlos Miguel and Joan Carlos, and a daughter who died in 1975 on the age of 20.[8] By 1984, Pujol had moved to his son Carlos Miguel’s home in La Trinidad, Caracas.[8]

In 1971, the British politician Rupert Allason, writing underneath the pen identify Nigel West, grew to become inquisitive about Garbo. For a number of years, he interviewed numerous former intelligence officers, however none knew Garbo’s actual identify. Ultimately, Tomás Harris’ buddy Anthony Blunt, the Soviet spy who had penetrated MI5, mentioned that he had met Garbo, and knew him as “both Juan or José García”. Allason’s investigation was stalled from that time till March 1984, when a former MI5 officer who had served in Spain equipped Pujol’s full identify. Allason employed a analysis assistant to name each J. García – an especially frequent identify in Spain – within the Barcelona cellphone ebook, finally contacting Pujol’s nephew. Pujol and Allason lastly met in New Orleans on 20 Could 1984.[53] They collaborated on his autobiography Operation Garbo, revealed in 1985.

At Allason’s urging, Pujol travelled to London and was acquired by Prince Philip at Buckingham Palace, in an unusually lengthy viewers. After that he visited the Special Forces Club and was reunited with a bunch of his former colleagues, together with T. A. Robertson, Roger Fleetwood Hesketh, Cyril Mills and Desmond Bristow.[8][54]

On the fortieth anniversary of D-Day, 6 June 1984, Pujol travelled to Normandy to tour the seashores and pay his respects to the useless.[53]

Pujol died in Caracas in 1988[4][8] and is buried in Choroní,[8] a city inside Henri Pittier National Park by the Caribbean Sea.[8][55][56]

Community of fictitious brokers[edit]

Every of Pujol’s fictitious brokers was tasked with recruiting further sub-agents.[57]

Garbo/Arabel
Juan Pujol García
Agent 1
KLM steward
resigned in 1943
Agent 2
William Gerbers
Swiss-German
businessman
died in
Bootle in 1942
Agent 3Benedict
“Carlos”
Venezuelan pupil
in Glasgow
Agent 4Chamillus
Gibraltarian
NAAFI waiter
based mostly in Chislehurst
Agent 5Moonbeam
Venezuelan
based mostly in
Ottawa
brother of
Benedict
Agent 6
Area Safety
NCO
died in 1943
Agent 7Dagobert
Ex-seaman in
Swansea
KLM pilot
and courier
WIDOW
Mrs. Gerbers
(paid a pension
by the Germans)
Pilot Officer Almura
radio operator
Cousin of
Moonbeam
and “Benedict“,
residing in
Buffalo
Soldier
in British 9th
Armoured Division
Head of
Catalan
MOI Part
Officer in
British 49th
Infantry Division
Guard
based mostly in
Chislehurst
Donny
Chief of
World Aryan Order
Censor in MOI Greek seaman
and deserter
US NCO
based mostly in London
Wren
in Ceylon
Drake
in Exeter
Welsh fascist
in South Wales
Dorick
in Harwich

Widespread tradition[edit]

Literature and music[edit]

  • The Counterfeit Spy (1971), by the British journalist Sefton Delmer; Pujol’s identify was modified to “Jorge Antonio” in an effort to shield his surviving household.
  • The Eldorado Network (1979), by the British novelist Derek Robinson revealed six years earlier than Nigel West’s non-fiction account.
  • Overlord, Underhand (2013), by the American creator Robert P. Wells is a fictionalised retelling of the story of Juan Pujol (Agent Garbo), double agent with MI5, from the Spanish Civil Conflict to 1944; ISBN 9781630680190
  • Quicksand (1971), a tune by David Bowie on the Hunky Dory album makes reference to him (“I am the twisted identify on Garbo’s eyes”).[58]

Movie and tv[edit]

  • Garbo: The Spy (El Espía). Documentary movie, directed by Edmon Roch. Manufacturing: Ikiru Movies, Colose Producciones, Centuria Movies, Spain 2009.[7]
  • The Man Who Fooled the Nazis. The 90-minute Spanish documentary retitled and narrated in English, proven as a part of the Storyville sequence, first proven on BBC 4, 22 February 2011.[59]
  • Secret D-Day – US tv, 1998 – portrayed by French actor Sam Spiegel.[60]
  • Garbo-Grasp of Deception. 1992 Columbia House and A&E 30-minute documentary

Garbo characteristic movies have been tried on a number of events,[61][62] however none have reached manufacturing so far.

See additionally[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Brasil, Cartões de Imigração, 1900-1965, Juan Pujol Garcia, Immigration; citing 1945, Arquivo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro
  2. ^ Reilly, Lucas (28 April 2017). “The Most Amazing Lie in History”. Psychological Floss. Archived from the unique on 11 Could 2020. Retrieved 8 Could 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q “Agent Garbo”. MI5 Historical past. MI5 Safety Service. Archived from the unique on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  4. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 56 “Pujol’s spouse known as upon the US Embassy with out informing her husband”
  5. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 56 “This imaginary espionage materials he constructed with the help of the next reference paperwork…”
  6. ^ a b c d Garbo: the Man Who Saved the World (Movement image). Spain: Ikiru Movies. 2009.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Juárez Camacho, Javier (2004). Juan Pujol, el Espía que Derrotó a Hitler [Juan Pujol, the spy who defeated Hitler] (in Spanish). Madrid: Temas de Hoy. ISBN 978-84-8460-372-6. Retrieved 22 February 2012.[dead link] version of Catalan ebook (see Further reading).
  8. ^ Pujol (1985). p. 10
  9. ^ Pujol (1985). pp. 12–16
  10. ^ Cusachs I Corredor, Manuel (2006). “Col·legi de Valldemia 1855–1888: Dels inicis al seu traspàs als Germans Maristes”. Fulls del Museu Arxiu de Santa Maria (in Catalan). 85 (1): 32–47. ISSN 0212-9248.
  11. ^ “Boarding school”. Agent Garbo. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  12. ^ Pujol (1985). p. 10 “Her mother and father have been strict Catholics who acquired Holy Communion on daily basis”.
  13. ^ a b c d Seaman (2004). p. 42.
  14. ^ a b c Pujol (1985). p. 17
  15. ^ “Back home”. Agent Garbo. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  16. ^ a b Seaman (2004), p. 30.
  17. ^ Seaman (2004), p. 8.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Seaman (2004). p. 9 Archived 14 January 2020 on the Wayback Machine. “He was a reluctant participant within the Spanish Civil Conflict, being persecuted by the Republicans in his native Catalonia and feeling little sympathy with the Fascist ideology of the Nationalists.”
  19. ^ Pujol (1985), p. 18
  20. ^ Pujol (1985). p. 19
  21. ^ Pujol (1985), p. 24
  22. ^ Pujol (1985). p. 25 “In the meantime my girlfriend acquired in contact with one of many models of Socorro Blanco, a secret group which endeavored to help those that are being persecuted for idealistic or spiritual causes. One in every of their woman helpers posed as a revolutionary and organized for me to be let loose of jail at useless of night time. Free, I be part of the ever-growing variety of these main a clandestine existence. I went into hiding once more.”
  23. ^ Pujol (1985). p. 29 “I used to be not ready to maintain being informed off whereas they did nothing to place the enterprise on a sounder financial footing.”
  24. ^ a b Seaman (2004). p. 43.
  25. ^ a b c d e Isby, David (12 June 2006). “World War II: Double Agent’s D-Day Victory”. Historynet.com. Archived from the unique on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  26. ^ Pujol (1985). p. p. 93.
  27. ^ Seaman (2004). p. p. 46.
  28. ^ Exiles Memorial Center.
  29. ^ Levine, Joshua (2011). Operation Fortitude. HarperCollins UK. ISBN 978-0-00-741324-9. Archived from the unique on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  30. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 59 Archived 14 January 2020 on the Wayback Machine.
  31. ^ a b Weber, Ronald (2011). The Lisbon Route: Entry and Escape in Nazi Europe. Authorities Institutes. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-56663-876-0. Archived from the unique on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  32. ^ Holt (2010). p. 210. “Mills was initially BOVRIL’s case officer; however he spoke no Spanish and shortly dropped out of the image. His most important contribution was to counsel, after the actually extraordinary dimensions of Pujol’s creativeness and accomplishments had turn out to be obvious, that his code identify must be modified as befitted ‘the most effective actor on the earth’; and BOVRIL grew to become GARBO.”
  33. ^ Holt (2010). p. 213.
  34. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 96.
  35. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 106.
  36. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 126.
  37. ^ a b Kelly, Jon (27 January 2011). “The piece of paper that fooled Hitler”. BBC. Archived from the unique on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012. The Nazis believed Pujol, whom they code named Arabel, was considered one of their prize belongings
  38. ^ Seaman (2004). “The primary code which Garbo was given by the Germans for his wi-fi communications turned out to be the equivalent code which was at present in use within the German circuits.”
  39. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 342 “…which at instances amounted to greater than twenty messages per day…”
  40. ^ Pujol (1985). p. 196 “The post-war evaluation demonstrated that, throughout the FORTITUDE marketing campaign interval, at least sixty-two of his messages have been quoted within the German excessive command’s intelligence summaries.”
  41. ^ Pujol (1985). p. 197 “Certainly, there have been extra German forces in that area on the finish of June than there had been on D-Day.”
  42. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 75, p. 259.
  43. ^ a b Seaman (2004). p. 159.
  44. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 397.
  45. ^ Shugaar, Antony; Guarnaccia, Steven (2006). I Lie for a Living: Greatest Spies of All Time. Nationwide Geographic. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7922-5316-7. Archived from the unique on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  46. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 40.
  47. ^ Pujol (1985). p. 159 “With nice happiness and satisfaction I’m able to advise you at present that the Fuhrer has conceded the Iron Cross to you on your extraordinary deserves, a ornament which, with out exception, is granted solely to first-line combatants. For that reason we ship you our most honest and cordial congratulations.”
  48. ^ Seaman (2004). p. 75, 286.
  49. ^ The Nationwide Archives. “Security Service Records Release 25–26 November 2002” (PDF). The Nationwide Archives (UK). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2012. 25 November Garbo acquired MBE from King
  50. ^ a b Pujol (1985). p. 7 “Our rendezvous was to be in New Orleans. There on Sunday, 20 Could 1984, I first met my quarry.”
  51. ^ Pujol (1985). p. 2 “Late in Could 1984 a bunch of retired intelligence officers gathered within the drawing room of the Particular Forces Membership to be reunited with a spy reported useless in 1959.”
  52. ^ “Choroní”. Venezuela Tuya. Archived from the unique on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  53. ^ “Su Guía de Turismo para Choroní y Venezuela” [Your Tour Guide to Choroní and Venezuela] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
  54. ^ “Agent Garbo”. www.mi5.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  55. ^ David Sheppard (2007). “Wishful Beginnings”, MOJO 60 Years of Bowie: p.24
  56. ^ Fraser, Nick: Collection Editor; Roch, Edmon: Director (22 February 2011). “The Man Who Fooled the Nazis”. Storyville. Season 2010–2011. BBC. BBC Four. Archived from the unique on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  57. ^ Secret D-Day at IMDb Edit this at Wikidata
  58. ^ Goodridge, Mike (19 December 2001). “Artisan Pictures revs up with Garbo Deception”. Display screen Each day. Archived from the unique on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  59. ^ McNary, Dave (4 Could 2006). “Pair protect ‘Bodyguard’. Variety. Retrieved 2 March 2012. Bob Cooper’s Panorama Leisure is teaming with Chuck Weinstock to provide WWII drama “Bodyguard of Lies,” based mostly on the true story of double agent Juan Pujol.[permanent dead link]

Bibliography[edit]

Exterior hyperlinks[edit]


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