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Title: The Homing Pigeon
       Struggle Division Technical Handbook TM 11-410

Creator: Numerous

Launch Date: July 10, 2017 [EBook #55084]

Language: English

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WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL

TM 11-410

This guide supersedes TM 11—410, 10 September 1940

WAR DEPARTMENT • JANUARY 1945

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TM 11-410, The Homing Pigeon, is revealed for the data and
steerage of all involved.

[AG 300.7 (6 Nov 44)]
By order of the Secretary of Struggle:

G. C. MARSHALL

Chief of Employees

Official:

J. A. ULIO

Main Normal

The Adjutant Normal

Distribution:

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CONTENTS

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SECTION I

GENERAL

1. Goal

This guide gives directions for correct breeding, care, and
coaching of the homing pigeon, and for the choice and coaching of
enlisted pigeoneers. With sure modifications this info can
be utilized by all pigeon models serving discipline forces, each in theaters of
operations and within the zone of the inside. Directions in FM 24-5 for
models utilizing the homing pigeon in communication haven’t been repeated.
The mission, perform, and operation of a sign pigeon firm and the
tactical employment of pigeons are described in FM 11-80.

2. Strategies

The strategies prescribed on this guide are based mostly upon expertise.
Accordingly, if any new procedures are discovered by expertise to enhance
pigeon communication they need to be submitted to the Chief Sign
Officer for consideration.

3. Origin and Historical past

The homing pigeon utilized by the Military for sign communication (referred
to on this guide as “pigeon,” “homing pigeon,” and “fowl”) is a
distinct selection created by cautious cross-breeding to acquire
most distance and pace in managed and directed flight. Homing
pigeons are grouped in households or strains often recognized by
the names of the civilian pigeon fanciers who bred them for a lot of
generations to develop sure traits of efficiency and
look. When the a number of kinds of pigeons used to breed the
fashionable homing pigeon really originated shouldn’t be sure. It’s recognized,
nonetheless, that the next varieties existed in England and Belgium
earlier than the nineteenth century, though the precise proportion and order
of their mix haven’t been decided: Smerle, Horseman, Cumulet,
Dragoon, Provider, and Owl.

4. Nature

The precept of utilizing homing pigeons as messengers is predicated on their
instinctive try and return to their dwelling lofts every time they’re
eliminated a ways and launched. They may do that even with an
connected message or different gentle article. This want to return is
largely based mostly on pure urges of starvation and replica. As a result of the
pigeon has just one mate the reproductive urge is usually the stronger.
These impulses may be stimulated by managed feeding, mating, and
breeding with out harming the pigeon’s well being.

2

5. Utility

The pigeon’s usefulness to the Military is measured by the reliability
and pace with which it returns to its loft. Pace and reliability
are largely decided by the pigeon’s pressure, bodily situation,
coaching, and remedy. Subsequently any reducing of requirements for
these elements will likely be a critical handicap. Additional handicaps are
mentioned in e beneath. Part V units minimal means requirements for
properly-trained, well-bred, wholesome birds for use by fight models
as message carriers.

a. Breeding. Since bodily traits and homing
intuition are often inherited from the dad and mom, information are maintained
for every pigeon. Then pairs are chosen, mated, and allowed to provide
younger birds on the premise of those information, plus different fascinating
attributes described in part VI.

b. Situation. The bodily situation of a pigeon enormously
impacts its efficiency. Subsequently, research bodily traits of
pigeons and implement procedures prescribed in sections III and VII for
feeding, watering, and sustaining correct bodily situation.

c. Coaching. Coaching of the pigeon begins at an early age,
and is progressive and fixed. The item is to settle the pigeon in
its dwelling loft in an effort to develop reliability and pace as described in
part V.

d. Remedy. The pigeon is very delicate and responsive
to kindness, firmness, reward for good efficiency, and tranquility of
personnel dealing with it. Make the loft as enticing as attainable as a result of
the pigeon prizes its dwelling.

e. Handicaps. Dangerous climate, darkness, and damage, in addition to
inadequacies in breeding, conditioning, and coaching, cut back effectivity
of pigeons (see par. 9c).

(1) Dangerous climate. This contains snow, fog, rain, and hostile winds, or
every other circumstances which cut back visibility or oppose the flight of
the pigeon. Usually, flights could also be predicted in line with sure
atmospheric circumstances as follows:

(2) Darkness. Pigeons by no means lose their preliminary concern of flying at
evening, however it’s attainable to coach them to beat this concern to a
nice extent. Their pure intuition and intelligence will come to
their support. Night time operation, nonetheless, is taken into account impracticable for
the Military pigeons due to the extremely cellular techniques of contemporary warfare.

(3) Harm. Accidents are generally attributable to improper dealing with,
predatory birds (reminiscent of hawks), enemy shellfire, or obstacles pigeons
strike in flight. Shield pigeons by destroying all hawks within the
neighborhood of the lofts with shotguns supplied for that function. Choose
secure areas for releasing pigeons. Minor accidents hardly ever stop a
homing pigeon from returning to its loft so long as they don’t hamper
it from figuring out the right course of flight. When vitally injured,
the pigeon will proceed its return flight till bodily exhausted.
Any damage which completely impairs the eyes or wings of a pigeon
makes it unsuitable for any employment besides breeding.

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6. Normal Look

Pigeons should look wholesome, well-balanced, alert, clever, and
displaying abundance of wealthy feathers and sheen. Determine 1 exhibits the primary
components of the homing pigeon (the proper wing is prolonged for ease of
description).

7. Weight

A cock weighs from 14 to 17 ounces; a hen, from 13 to 16 ounces.

8. Plumage

Wealthy, plentiful, and tender plumage ought to cowl your complete physique. The
colour itself is of no significance, however wealthy shades, with the checkered
sample (if current) standing out brightly and distinctly, often
point out good well being and passable situation. For classification of
pigeons in line with colour see paragraph 26.

9. Head

The pinnacle ought to be of a medium measurement, spherical or oval formed, of broad
construction and strongly set. It shouldn’t be tight or drawn at anyone
place.

a. Invoice. The invoice ought to be of medium size with small
to medium wattles and set nicely into the top. No openings ought to be
noticeable when the invoice is closed.

b. Eye. See section VI.

c. Ear. The ear appears to play an necessary half within the
fowl’s sense of route. It contains three components: exterior ear,
center ear, and inside ear. On the high of the inside ear there are
three semicircular canals which seem like the nerve conductors of
orientation. Though nobody is aware of simply what helps homing pigeons
discover their loft, it’s attainable that the good sensitiveness of their
ears permits them to obtain magnetic and atmospheric impression, and
thereby to find out route both at departure or throughout flight.
This concept is predicated on the truth that atmospheric disturbances typically
trigger the fowl quickly to lose its method.

10. Neck

The neck is of medium size, with no signal of dewlap on the throat. It
tapers to a large, well-sprung chest.

11. Physique

a. Breast. The breast (or chest) is broad and full in entrance;
depth of breastbone mustn’t exceed the width.

b. Shoulders. The shoulders are heavy and strongly
strengthened with muscle tissues.

c. Again. The again is well-feathered, sturdy, flat and broad
on the shoulders, narrowing towards the rump.

4

d. Keel. The keel is robust, arched in entrance, and of medium
size and depth. Width of keel denotes power.

e. Stomach. The stomach is diminished to the smallest
proportions.

f. Wings. The wings should be medium-sized, sturdy,
well-proportioned, and rounded on the butt, with loads of muscle.
Major flights ought to be of an excellent width, with loads of overlapping
house and a pronounced curvature in direction of the physique. See i beneath.
Secondary feathers must also be lengthy and large to supply an excellent
masking for your complete again. Covert feathers ought to be sturdy and
plentiful, as a result of they provide extra wing power, in addition to
shield pigeons towards hostile climate.

g. Pelvic bones. The pelvic bones (or vent bones) are very
agency, shut collectively over the vent, and prolong towards the keel on every
facet of the vent. These bones kind a physique girdle by which the legs are
joined to the physique.

h. Rump. The rump is large and continues the road of the
again. It’s nicely coated on all sides with fantastic, tender feathers.

i. Tail feathers. The tail feathers, 12 in quantity, are
brief, large, overlapping, and don’t prolong farther than ¾ inch
past the wing ideas.

5

j. Legs. The legs are of medium size and nicely muscled.
Thighs are chubby. Decrease leg is pink and stout, and toes are brief with
agency nails.

12. Respiratory Channels (fig. 2)

Respiratory channels are extremely developed, enabling the pigeon to fly
repeatedly from 12 to fifteen hours. Air circulates by the bronchial
tubes and lungs and in addition by 9 air sacs, from which different small,
irregular cavities prolong underneath the pores and skin between the muscle tissues, and even6
into the within of the bones. These small air sacs comprise a reserve
of heat air which feeds the lungs throughout flight when the muscular
equipment consumes a considerable amount of oxygen. They inflate and collapse
alternately, performing as a carry and pressure pump which renews air within the
lungs.

13. Digestive Organs

Digestive organs of the pigeon are proven in determine 3 (for features see
par. 50b).

14. Bloom or Milt

This white, chalky powder is without doubt one of the means supplied by nature to
shield feathers towards moisture throughout flight. When the pigeon
bathes,7
8 the bloom is deposited within the type of a white scum on the highest
of the water. If a fowl is caught and held intently, the bloom rubs off,
leaving a white substance on the garments. Absence of bloom is a symptom
of poor well being.

15. Molt

Molting is nature’s method of shedding feathers and furnishing new ones
for your complete physique. Thus, feathers misplaced or injured the previous yr
are replenished, and an ideal coat is insured for the approaching yr. An
imperfect molt signifies an unhealthy situation which can cut back the
pigeon’s effectivity and consequence within the breeding of inferior offspring.

a. Time of molt. Each pigeon ought to molt annually. Mated
pigeons begin molting roughly 1 week after the second set of eggs
has been laid within the new season. Unmated previous pigeons ordinarily start
molting in Might or June. The time younger birds molt relies upon totally on
the date of hatch. These hatched in the course of the early a part of July start
with head and neck feathers very quickly after leaving the nest, and later
in the course of the yr partially molt all feathers. The method is accomplished
the next summer season. Numerous influences hasten or retard molting. For
instance, exceptionally heat climate might hasten it. Poor well being retards
and will stop a whole molt. Early breeding ordinarily hastens the
course of, whereas late breeding tends to delay it.

9

b. Order of molt. Feathers are shed within the following order
(see par. 16 and fig. 1):

(1) Major flight No. 1 is shed first, and new feathers start to
develop as a replacement.

(2) As quickly as new feathers are one-half to three-quarters grown,
remaining main flights are shed in numerical order.

(3) When flights Nos. 5 or 6 have been shed, molt spreads to neck
and shoulders.

(4) By the point flights Nos. 6 or 7 have been shed, the tail-molt
begins with feathers No. 2 (fig. 8), then continues within the following
numerical order: 1, 3, 4, 6, and 5.

(5) When the final flights have been shed, the molt is virtually
full, aside from just a few fantastic physique feathers.

c. Care throughout molt. The molt is a good bodily drain on pigeons;
due to this fact, if practicable, exhausting flying and breeding actions ought to
be quickly deserted throughout this era. Train flights ought to
be solely so long as is critical for the pigeon’s well being. When climate
permits, the birds ought to be allowed to wash recurrently, as a result of this
will soften the pores and skin and assist feathers drop. The one certain methodology
of correcting an unsatisfactory molt is to revive the pigeon to
a wholesome, vigorous bodily situation. No try ought to be made
to help the molt by plucking the following feathers so as, as in all
chance the brand new feathers will likely be inferior, or might not even seem.
The substance which creates new feathers is missing within the sockets
for about 2 months after the molt is accomplished. In the course of the molting
interval, it’s particularly vital that birds be fed wealthy, oily, simply
digested meals reminiscent of grain (hemp, canary, flax or linseed) and greens.
This meals will hold weight as much as regular and insure an excellent development of
feathers.

16. Kinds of Feathers

Feathers develop in particular areas on the physique. These feathered areas
or strips are often known as pterylae. Naked areas in between are known as
apterylae. Feathers are divided into 4 sorts: contour feathers, hair
feathers, fluff feathers, and down feathers.

a. Contour feathers. Contour feathers are giant feathers
masking the pigeon’s physique. When the fowl shouldn’t be in flight or excited,
they lie near its physique, usually overlapping and presenting a
easy outer floor. The bigger ones are the flight and tail feathers.
The typical pigeon has 12 major tail feathers; on every wing there are
10 main flights and 12 secondary flights. The bases of those giant
feathers are coated by shorter feathers known as coverts. These give a
rounded, easy, and steady line to the physique.

The primary tail feathers act as a rudder in flight, controlling the
fowl’s route. Flying is feasible as a result of each flight feather
overlaps, presenting a stable floor on the downbeat of the wing.
In addition to, flight feathers present carry and pull for the fowl’s
propulsion. On the upbeat of the wing, the massive flight feathers rotate
in such a way as to chop by the air with little resistance, and
on the similar time to allow escape of air.

The overall construction of a contour feather may be greatest noticed in a
main flight from the wing or a big rectrix from the tail. The
stiff, hole, cylindrical portion rising from the pores and skin is known as
the quill. The naked quill correct extends solely to the webbed portion
of the feather. It has a small gap (inferior umbilicus) on the finish,
penetrating the pores and skin.10 Nourishment for the feather passes by this
opening. The expanded portion of the feather, from the tip to the
quill, is called the vane. The central portion of the vane, which
is known as the shaft, is stable. Extending laterally from the shaft is
an internet or webbing composed of barbs or rays. These rays are blade-like
in construction. The online of most feathers is usually wider on one facet
of the shaft than on the opposite. The barbs are linked by a collection of
cross buildings known as barbules which may be seen solely with the help of
magnifying lens. To see the barbs, nonetheless, apply a slight stress on
the webbing of the feather, inflicting it to unfold aside. The invisible
barbules will break up if an excessive amount of stress is utilized. Barbs may be
repaired in order that little or no proof of the break up may be detected, by
stroking the feather between the index finger and thumb. Pigeons restore
a break up within the barb by squeezing oil from the oil duct with their beak,
after which spreading it on the injured feather.

Feather textures differ enormously with the breed of the fowl and the half
of the physique from which they develop. When choosing homing pigeons, attempt to
choose these with sturdy, agency feathers.

b. Hair feathers. Also called filoplumes, hair feathers
are hair-like buildings interspersed among the many common physique feathers.
They’re so fantastic that they’re often neglected.

c. Fluff feathers. Generally known as semiplumes, fluff
feathers are tender and fluffy due to the absence of a inflexible feather
shaft and barbules of their internet. The barbs are additionally lengthy, tender, and
fluffy, and current a downy look. Fluff feathers develop solely on
sure components of the physique.

d. Down feathers. Down feathers are the tender, bushy, yellow
feathers on younger pigeons. They’re extraordinarily fantastic, nearly filamentous
in construction. These feathers drop off all by the interval of
the younger fowl’s development; just a few, nonetheless, might stay after full
feathering has taken place.

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17. Loft

Pigeons are housed in lofts which can be buildings or autos designed
and geared up for that function. The loft contains all of the gear,
equipment and utilities vital for the care of pigeons (figs. 6,
7, and eight). Perches are positioned on the edges of loft partitions. When a pigeon
is “settled” to a loft, that loft turns into its dwelling.

a. An aviary is the a part of the loft the place pigeons may be given
daylight. It’s often constructed with wire netting on the edges and roof.

b. The lure is a specifically constructed opening which allows the
pigeon to enter however to not depart the loft. When a pigeon enters the
loft this fashion, it’s stated to have “trapped.” A lure which allows the
pigeon to enter and depart at will is known as an “open lure.” A touchdown
board is positioned in entrance of the lure upon which pigeons alight when
about to enter the loft.

c. A settling cage of wire which is constructed to suit over the roof and
touchdown board of the loft, is used to help in settling and coaching
pigeons to lure.

18. Preparation of Loft to Obtain Pigeons

Step one in getting ready to obtain a cargo of pigeons is to
organize for his or her housing. If it’s the preliminary inventory for a loft, the
complete loft will likely be accessible. Within the case of subsequent cargo,
place new inventory in a separate compartment for a interval of statement.
With a view to anticipate arrival of birds, preserve contact with the
company making supply. Then proceed as follows:

a. Clear the loft.

b. In good climate hold entrance of the loft open in order that loads of
daylight and air can enter.

c. To maintain drafts out throughout excessive chilly and windy climate, cowl
openings of the loft with porous supplies which can permit passage of
air and won’t intervene with the camouflage look.

d. Unfold a small amount of coarse sand on the ground of the loft to
support cleanliness and to complement the grit.

e. Present 10 % extra perching house than is critical for the
variety of incoming birds.

19. Receipt of Pigeons at Loft

To obtain pigeons at a loft, proceed as follows:

a. Instantly upon their arrival switch the birds to the loft from
the crates or baskets through which they have been transported. The pigeons might
have accomplished a prolonged journey and be in comparatively poor situation
due to delays in journey or lack of correct care and a focus.

b. Instantly after the birds have been transferred to the loft,
rigorously study and deal with every pigeon, separating the wholesome
from the sickly. Place the wholesome birds in a compartment the place they
can get hold of12 loads of recent consuming water, and feed them sparingly.
Isolate the birds which seem sick till they’re absolutely recovered.

13

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c. It’s crucial that the pigeons be vaccinated towards pigeon pox
in the event that they weren’t vaccinated previous to cargo.

d. Thereafter water, feed, and supply bathing water in line with
directions in paragraphs 20 to 23, inclusive.

e. Make an actual stock of the pigeons, noting band markings,
colours, particular markings, and bodily situation of every fowl.

f. Grow to be acquainted with the pigeons whereas they’re confined. Accustom
them to the presence of caretakers and to feeding at particular instances.

g. Start coaching of the brand new birds instantly. The longer the time
between their arrival at their new dwelling and the start of their
coaching, the harder it is going to be for them to be educated correctly.

20. Watering

a. The well being of a pigeon relies upon extra upon pure consuming water than
upon every other issue; due to this fact, hold loads of recent water accessible
always.

b. The homing pigeon doesn’t drink like most different birds. The pigeon
locations its invoice into the water, and takes an extended, deep draft like a
horse. For that reason, hold the depth of the water within the consuming
fountain not lower than 1½ inches deep. At all times provide water in a
fountain or different receptacle which can stop bathing. Fountains
PG-37-C present wonderful watering services for the birds and are
constructed to cut back contamination to a minimal (fig. 9).

c. In heat climate, change the water thrice a day, cleansing
the15 container totally every time. In cool climate, twice a day might
be adequate, supplied the water may be saved clear. Water containing
impurities offers the pigeon a bitter crop or acute indigestion. If a
sanitary water provide shouldn’t be available, use consuming water
purified for troops. When it’s vital to make use of water of uncertain
purity, add a adequate quantity of potassium permanganate till a light-weight
pink colour is attained. Empty consuming fountains at evening in chilly
climate in order that the water is not going to freeze. Having working water within the
consuming fountain shouldn’t be advisable as it’s often cool and will trigger
diarrhea throughout sizzling climate.

21. Feeding

a. Normal. The well being and basic bodily situation of
a pigeon largely depend upon the quantity of meals, time of feeding, and
the form of meals supplied. Pigeons mustn’t refuse meals except they
have simply been fed. They are going to be alert, lively, completely satisfied, and far more
manageable if saved just a little hungry. It’s simple to overfeed pigeons
in order that they develop into sluggish and listless. Many good pigeons have
been spoiled by overfeeding. The pigeoneer ought to hand-feed the birds
and watch them intently whereas they’re consuming as a result of their urge for food
displays their basic well being and situation. Sick birds could also be
found by their failure to eat. Pigeons develop into16 higher acquainted
with the pigeoneer by hand-feeding, and he in flip can hold them
alert and underneath management.

b. Technique. Feed pigeons twice a day throughout coaching, gentle
feeding within the morning and heavier within the night. After every train,
coaching, or different flight, name the pigeons into the loft and provides them
a small amount of feed as a reward. Whereas the pigeons are taking
their morning train, clear the loft and place in it a recent provide
of grit and consuming water. Name the birds in once they have accomplished
their workouts, then scatter the meals slowly on the sand-covered flooring
because the birds enter by the lure. Scatter the feed, a handful at
a time. Wait till the pigeons have eaten almost all of the feed earlier than
distributing one other handful. The feed ought to be nicely scattered so
that particular person birds don’t get all the alternative grains. No hurt
is finished if the pigeons eat a few of the sand, offering it’s clear,
as sand dietary supplements grit as an support to digestion. There are a number of
the explanation why pigeons ought to be fed solely a handful at a time. If the
complete quantity of grain for one feeding is thrown on the ground directly,
the precise quantity wanted can’t be estimated precisely. If the quantity
estimated was too little, the pigeons are underfed; if the quantity was
extreme, the grain not instantly consumed turns into contaminated and
might trigger illness if eaten later. One more reason for scattering feed
in small portions is to forestall the pigeons from selecting out the
sorts of grain they significantly like and leaving these which comprise
meals parts they want for correct improvement. Pigeons at all times drink
instantly after feeding. When the primary pigeon stops consuming and takes
a drink, it’s a signal that the pigeons have had sufficient meals so don’t
scatter any extra grain.

c. Breeding pigeons. Mum or dad pigeons feed their younger in
the nest by ejecting meals from their very own crops into the teenager’s
crop. Subsequently, when younger pigeons are within the nest, return in about
half-hour after the preliminary feeding and supply extra meals to the
dad and mom. When the kids are roughly 18 days of age, begin
putting a handful of grain every day within the again nook of the nest
compartment out of the best way of the droppings. The guardian pigeons will
eat just a few grains within the presence of the kids. The children will
imitate their dad and mom and thus be taught to eat by themselves extra quickly.

22. Pigeon Feed

The food regimen for a pigeon ought to embrace legumes (peas and vetch), seeds,
cereal grains, inexperienced meals, and grit. The seeds and grains are fed
as an unusual food regimen within the type of a feed combination, however grit is fed
individually. Feed should be of a selected grade and combination to guarantee the
pigeon of correct development, a typically wholesome situation, and sufficient
power to endure the hardships of messenger flights. Pigeon feed, which
is a perishable merchandise, should be grown underneath prescribed circumstances from
the best high quality seed, harvested, cleaned, saved, after which blended
when required. When harvested, grain or seed is prone to comprise many
impurities like chaff, weed seeds, weevils, or different injurious bugs,
kernels that are useless or broken, and extreme moisture. Virtually
all of those impurities should be eliminated earlier than the feed is appropriate
to be used. Mixing should be achieved underneath circumstances that can insure
uniformity. The phrase “feed” as used beneath will seek advice from both blended
feed, grain, or seeds, as relevant. A single grain or seed will likely be
known as a “kernel.”

a. Appropriate feed. Feed ought to—

(1) Be sound and have a pure odor, with out traces of bitter, musty, or
overseas odors.

17

(2) Be nicely matured and of excellent pure colour, with out a noticeable
quantity of useless or broken kernels.

(3) Be freed from dust, mud, or overseas materials, past a slight hint.

(4) Be free from stay weevils or different bugs and the defects brought on
by them.

(5) Be free-flowing, with out traces of webbyness.

(6) Not comprise extreme moisture as decided by the sphere take a look at
described in b (5) beneath.

b. Faulty pigeon feed. Defects in feed may be acknowledged
by scent, visible inspection, or laboratory take a look at. Feed is unsuitable for
use if it has any of the next defects:

(1) Unsound. This situation could also be detected by a bitter or musty odor
or by an “off colour” look.

(2) International supplies. Chaff, dust, mud, stones, and so forth., may be
detected by visible inspection.

(3) Webbyness. When feed has been, or is contaminated, with injurious
bugs it’s prone to be webby. The feed will cling collectively in small
balls by webs just like cobwebs. It could even have an objectionable
odor.

(4) Lifeless or broken kernels. Kernels which have sprouted, been bored
by bugs, or are discolored because of frost, fermentation, or
immaturity, may be detected by a visible inspection.

(5) Moisture. Small quantities of moisture can’t be detected with out
a laboratory take a look at. Nevertheless, a discipline methodology which can be employed to
decide roughly the moisture content material of feed is to put just a few of
the kernels on a flat floor after which strike them just a few instances with
a hammer or related software. If the feed examined doesn’t comprise an
extreme quantity of moisture, the kernels will crumble into small
items like “corn meal.” If an extreme quantity of moisture is current
the kernels will develop into pulpy. When performing this take a look at, keep in mind that
hulled oats, flax seed, hemp seed, and vetch, due to their oil
content material, will develop into pulpy despite the fact that their moisture content material is inside
required limits.

c. Dangerous bugs. The 2 most dangerous bugs to pigeon
feed are weevils and grain moths.

(1) Weevils. Weevils are small beetle-type bugs which differ in
colour from brown to black. They eat by boring holes into the portion of
the kernel containing the nutritive parts. Weevils may be detected
by the take a look at described in i(2)(b) beneath.

(2) Grain moths. These small moths differ in colour from buff to grayish
or yellowish brown. In the course of the larva stage they gnaw their method into
the kernel after which eat the within portion to safe nourishment for
development. When absolutely grown they eat their method out of the kernel. The
presence of moths in feed may be detected by the holes they depart in
kernels.

d. Feed mixtures. Numerous seeds and grains are blended in
specified percentages to amass a feed combination of sure required
quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, and fat. Elements figuring out the
kind of feed combination used are weather conditions, the best way through which
the pigeon is used, and the situation of the fowl. Totally different mixtures
are fed in the course of the breeding and molting interval, whereas coaching or
conditioning, or whereas the pigeons are used for messenger service. Use
of feed mixtures is as follows:

(1) Breeding feed is used to take care of a wholesome bodily situation
in guardian pigeons, and on the similar time provide important meals parts
vital to boost sturdy younger pigeons.

(2) Coaching and conditioning feed builds and maintains a bodily
situation appropriate for brief distance messenger service in the course of the
coaching interval.

18

(3) Particular feed provides power and replaces the physique tissues
consumed by the pigeon when it’s repeatedly used for messenger
service.

(4) Molting feed, a supplementary feed combination containing hemp,
canary, flax, and rape, insures good feathers and retains the load of
the pigeon regular by supplying wealthy, oily, and simply digested feed.

e. Evaluation. The three principal properties of feed which are
vital for improvement and upkeep of a sound bodily situation
are proteins, carbohydrates, and fat.

(1) Proteins contribute a big portion of the weather vital for
sustaining the pigeon’s well being, muscular and respiratory system, and
the organs important to flying. A very powerful feeds within the protein
class are peas and vetch.

(2) Carbohydrates provide power. The portion of carbohydrates not
used instantly modifications to “fats” and is held in reserve by the pigeon
to be drawn upon when it’s getting used repeatedly for messenger
service. A very powerful suppliers of carbohydrates are rice,
kaffir, wheat, corn, and hulled oats.

(3) Fat hold the pigeon heat and in addition construct a reserve provide of
power. The feeds which furnish fat are rape, flax, and hemp seed.

f. Evaluation chart. The next chart offers a comparative
evaluation of the grains and seeds used for pigeon feed:

ANALYSIS CHART

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g. Inexperienced meals. Sure quantities of this meals are important
for the pigeon’s digestive organs to perform correctly. Crisp younger
lettuce, kale (ideally curly), and chickweed are one of the best inexperienced
meals for pigeons. Pigeons choose inexperienced stuff sprinkled with just a little
desk salt. Whereas inexperienced meals is in season, give the pigeons as a lot of
it as they are going to eat about thrice every week. The popular methodology for
feeding the sort of meals is to droop it in bunches on the within of
the loft about 4 inches from the ground.

h. Formulation. (1) The formulation for the varied feed mixtures
are listed beneath underneath their advised use. It should be remembered that
the issue governing the usage of these feed mixtures will likely be local weather and
present circumstances.

20

(2) The next chart offers a comparative evaluation of the above
mixtures:

i. Storage and fumigation. Pigeon feed procured in
accordance with U. S. Military Specification 24-17-C, is of the best
substances obtainable in accordance with U. S. Division of
Agriculture requirements, and is processed previous to packing. If saved
correctly this feed is not going to develop into contaminated. Improper storage,
nonetheless, counteracts the precautions taken to acquire highest quality
feed. Subsequently, the directions beneath have been ready to safeguard
the unique high quality of the feed throughout storage.

(1) Correct methodology of storage. The larval, pupal and grownup levels of
injurious grain bugs are inactive in a temperature of fifty° F. or
decrease. Thus the primary and crucial rule is to retailer feed in a
COOL, DRY PLACE, on a platform not less than 6 inches above the ground.

(a) There are a number of easy strategies of stacking bagged feed. A method
is to face the primary tier of baggage on finish on a movable flooring of slim
boards nailed to joists. Luggage ought to be set far sufficient aside to confess
air and lightweight. The air retains the baggage dry and the sunshine discourages
rats. Different tiers of baggage are laid flat, every tier at proper angles to
the earlier tier, to confess air and lightweight (fig. 10). A second methodology is
to put a tier of baggage flat on two parallel timbers, every tier laid at
proper angles to the earlier tier (fig. 10).

(b) After feed has been stacked, it should be protected towards rats.
A reasonable protecting methodology is to assemble a wood framework
contained in the constructing the place the feed is to be saved, and to cowl it
fully with ¼-inch wire mesh. The scale of the wire mesh inclosure
depends upon the quantity of feed to be saved.

(2) Examination for contamination. Feed saved in a sizzling local weather or in
buildings the place injurious grain bugs are current is prone to develop into
infested.21 Subsequently feed ought to be visually examined bimonthly for
presence of moths or grownup bugs.

(a) Take the temperature of the feed by inserting a thermometer into
the feed, particularly within the luggage on the heart of the pile. If it
exceeds 75° F. make a more in-depth and extra frequent examination.

(b) A easy and sensible take a look at to find the presence of bugs
is to put a amount of the questionable feed in a sieve with
1/16-inch wire mesh (sieve PG-35), and shake over a white material or
paper. Study screenings and if bugs are current, fumigate the feed
in line with directions in (3) beneath to forestall additional harm and
final destroy.

(3) Fumigation. There are three strategies for fumigating contaminated
pigeon feed accessible to pigeon models.

(a) Quartermaster, fumigation and bathtub firms (T/O & E 10-257)
have services, reminiscent of transportable methyl bromide fumigation chambers,
for delousing clothes which can be used for fumigating pigeon feed.
These models are typically assigned to posts, camps, or stations and
to theaters of operations, and their providers could also be obtained. To make use of
their gear,22 load chamber with luggage of contaminated feed, seal,
and cost it with a 2-pound can of methyl bromide, Inventory Quantity 51M892
(see Quartermaster complement of the Federal Commonplace Inventory Catalog).
Feed ought to stay within the chamber for not less than 24 hours. Temperature of
the inside of the chamber ought to be maintained at a minimal of 70° F.

(b) If a transportable fumigation chamber shouldn’t be accessible, a constructing
which may be tightly sealed, like these used for coaching functions
within the Chemical Warfare Service, could also be used. The feed ought to be
loaded into the vault in order that your complete flooring house is utilized. Seal
vault tightly and apply methyl bromide from the surface of the vault
by a ¼-inch diameter copper tubing on the high of the chamber.
The connection between the tubing and the methyl bromide container
ought to permit no leakage. The feed ought to stay within the vault for at
least 24 hours. The temperature of the inside of the vault ought to
be maintained at a minimal of 75° F. for greatest outcomes. Use not less than
1 pound of methyl bromide per 1,000 cubic toes of house. After the
24-hour publicity interval, open vault and air it for just a few hours earlier than
eradicating feed. Methyl bromide is poisonous to human beings. Subsequently,
earlier than opening or coming into the vault after the publicity interval, the
fumigator ought to put on a fuel masks kind M9A1, with a regular service
canister.

(c) If a transportable fumigation chamber or fuel tight vault shouldn’t be
accessible, “tarpaulin methodology” of fumigation could also be used. Sweep clear
the ground23 (ideally cement) the place the feed is to be positioned for
fumigation. Stack the baggage of feed in a sq. space to a peak of 5
or 6 toes. After the feed is stacked, heart 4 luggage of feed in an
upright place on high of the pile to kind a fuel growth dome. Throw
a tarpaulin which is giant sufficient to cowl fully your complete pile
of feed over the pile. Permit a minimal margin of two toes on the ground
for sealing. The tarpaulin ought to be of handled materials, ideally
rubberized, to forestall leakage and to be impervious to the fumigant.
Seal the marginal extra of tarpaulin with stuffed luggage or weights. The
fumigant is launched from the container by a tubing extending from
the container underneath the tarpaulin to the highest of the fuel growth dome.
The identical kind of fumigant, dosage, publicity, and temperature required
for vault or chamber fumigation are employed, and the identical precautions
are noticed when eradicating the tarpaulin after the publicity interval. If
circumstances stop a good sealing of the tarpaulin use an elevated
quantity of fumigant to compensate for leakage.

j. Use and preparation of grit. Grit is a ready combination
which serves as a mechanical grinder for the meals within the pigeon’s
gizzard and assists in assimilation. Grit additionally purifies the crop and
provides lime for bone constructing and forming of egg shells. Many grit
mixtures can be found, most of which comprise crushed oyster shell,
gravel, sand, small sea shells, crushed limestone, salt, charcoal, and
different substances.

(1) Between 5 and 10 % of the meals fed a pigeon ought to be grit.
Usually 5 % is adequate, besides in the course of the breeding season
when as a lot as 10 % could also be fed for the reason that guardian pigeons pump
grit into the kids once they begin consuming grains.

(2) A most popular grit is made as follows:

(a) Totally combine (within the method of blending mortar) 20 kilos of
medium granite grit, 20 kilos of medium oyster shell, 20 kilos of
medium crushed limestone, 5 kilos of medium charcoal, and 1/8 pound
of oxide of iron (hematite). Then dissolve 3 kilos of desk salt in
boiling water and add simply sufficient of this resolution to the combination to
dampen it totally. Don’t add an excessive amount of water. Totally combine the
complete preparation and permit to dry earlier than feeding to birds.

(b) Every of the varied substances within the combination has a function. The
granite is a grinder and pulverizes the meals; the oxide of iron has
a useful impact upon the blood and acts as a tonic; the charcoal
purifies the crop, performing as a stomachic, that’s, strengthening or
stimulating motion of the abdomen. Limestone gives the supplies for
strengthening the bones. The oyster shells contribute lime which enters
into the composition of bones and egg shells.

(3) The grit mixtures used are listed within the Sign Corps Normal
Catalog, as Inventory Nos. 9A1321 (colour pink), and 9A1322 (colour pure)
“Seashell” or equal.

(4) Preserve grit within the loft continuously besides in the course of the 24 hours earlier than
the pigeons are to be despatched away to a degree 50 or extra miles distant
for quick liberation. Since grit comprises salt and minerals which
trigger thirst, pigeons may land en route for water, thereby dropping
useful time and exposing themselves to the hazard of being shot or
captured. Place the grit in a wood field designed in order that the pigeons
can not simply introduce overseas matter into the combination. Examine the
field every day and take away all overseas matter. Refill the grit container with
dry grit as wanted. As soon as every week empty the grit container and clear it
totally. Add a24 recent provide and destroy the previous grit. At all times hold
an ample provide of grit in inventory on the loft.

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ok. Allowance of feed and grit. (1) The annual allowance of
feed combination is 52 kilos for every pigeon as a result of the typical pigeon,
together with these breeding and people not breeding, consumes 1 pound of
grain per week.

(2) The annual allowance of grit is 6 kilos a pigeon.

23. Bathing

a. No different class of fowl, besides the duck household, enjoys a shower as
a lot as pigeons. Pigeons which are saved clear have much less hassle with
mites or feather lice. Using a quassia chip resolution within the bathtub
water is superb for conserving pigeons free from lice and ought to be
used as soon as every week. To arrange the answer, boil one pound of quassia
chips in 2 gallons of water for 20 minutes. Pressure off the liquid and
use 2 quarts of this resolution to three gallons of bathtub water.

b. So far as practicable, present bathtub water every day throughout heat
climate however omit in freezing climate. Roughly 1 hour after the
morning feeding put together the bathtub pan PG-38 and depart it in place
about 1 hour. Scrub the pan totally after the pigeons have completed
bathing. In the course of the breeding season present the bathtub after the morning
feeding as common, however on alternate days present the bathtub within the early
afternoon. This methodology permits each cocks and hens to wash each different
day (see par. 44a).

24. Catching and Dealing with

Nice care should be exercised when catching and dealing with pigeons as a result of
their flying means relies upon upon their bodily situation, and awkward
and improper dealing with might consequence within the loss or breaking of tail and
flight feathers. The proper strategies of catching and dealing with birds are
proven in figures 12 and 13.

a. Catching in crate. To catch a pigeon in a crate or
container, gently pressure it to the nook or finish of the container and
place palm of the hand in a agency place over pigeon’s shoulders (fig. 14);
then flip the fowl round26 (going through fowl to door or entrance) and
gently grasp it between each palms for lifting from crate. Deliver pigeon
to regular place in entrance of the waistline. Pigeons should be taken
head first from all crates to forestall damage to the feathers.

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b. Catching in loft. This ought to be carried out with nice care
and ease as each the bodily and feather situation of a pigeon might
be impaired by awkward dealing with. There are a number of good strategies for
catching pigeons. The next one has been discovered to be passable
when carried out correctly:

(1) At all times catch pigeons whereas in nests or on perches (fig. 15).
Method pigeon calmly, avoiding sudden actions that may frighten
it.

(2) Grasp fowl by a fast motion of the palms. Catch it from the
entrance, with the thumbs on its again and fingers underneath its physique.

Warning: By no means try and catch birds within the aviary, or when
they’re flying in regards to the loft.

c. Inspecting birds. When inspecting the wings, again, or tail
feathers of a pigeon, at all times maintain its chest or entrance portion towards
your physique (fig. 12) for safety. To look at the top, eyes, or invoice,
place the fowl correctly in a single hand utilizing the opposite hand as a entrance or
facet assist, leaving fingers free for examination.

d. Crating birds. Maintain the fowl along with your thumb throughout its
again and its legs between your first two fingers; place the palm of the
different hand over the entrance a part of the pigeon, prolong fingers downward
within the route of the keel (fig. 15), and information the fowl into the
crate. Don’t launch till fowl’s toes are firmly on crate flooring.
Keep away from crating birds with one hand solely.

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25. Routine

A pigeoneer in command of a loft can greatest take care of his pigeons by
observing the next every day routine in loft administration:

a. Upon coming into the loft, make a basic inspection to see that
all the pieces is so as.

b. Sweep or scrape all sand and droppings and sift by a fantastic
display screen. Add new sand and unfold in a skinny layer.

c. Present recent consuming water (Par. 20).

d. Present bathtub water (par. 23).

e. Conduct prescribed train and different coaching for pigeons
in line with schedule. This may occasionally embrace all forms of flights.

f. Publish loft information.

g. Put together every day amount of feed and provides prescribed parts.

h. Examine all pigeons as to situation, well being, mating, breeding,
and so forth., every time required.

i. Perform any particular directions given for the day.

26. Classification of Pigeon Colours

a. The colour of the higher physique and wings determines the principal
colour classification of pigeons. Along with principal
colour classification (see b(1) beneath), embrace the next
classifications when relevant:

(1) If any of the first flights are white, the pigeon is classed as
a “white flight.” Except the flights are pure white the classification
“white flight” shouldn’t be made.

(2) If all of the coverts exhibit a light-weight grey fringe on their outer
edges, presenting a checkered look slightly than a stable colour, the
pigeon is classed as “checkered.”

(3) When a pigeon has white patches of feathers on its head, it’s
classed as “pied.” If these white patches prolong to its physique, it’s
classed as “splash.”

(4) If a pigeon reveals one or two white feathers in regards to the eyes, it
is classed as “tick.”

b. Most important colour classifications for pigeons and their licensed
abbreviations observe:

27. Data and Experiences

The information and studies required for every pigeon unit are Breeding
Card, Pigeon Breeding File, Pigeon Flight File, Pigeon Pedigree,
and Month-to-month Pigeon Loft Report.

a. Breeding Card, WD SC Type 1132 (fig. 16). The breeding
card is mounted on the surface of the nest compartment as quickly as
the cock and the hen are mated and take possession of the nest. It
stays there in the course of the breeding actions of the actual pair
of guardian pigeons. The information present the preliminary identification report
of the kids and allow a cautious verify on the progress of their
improvement. Entries should be well timed, correct, and legible. When the
teenager leaves the breeding compartment, pertinent info from
the breeding card is entered on the Pigeon Breeding File (b beneath).
Fill within the breeding card as follows:

(1) Pair quantity. Variety of the nest compartment occupied by the
guardian pigeons.

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(2) Loft of. Title of the submit, camp, or station the place the loft is
situated, and the designation of the loft.

(3) Season. Calendar yr.

(4) Cock quantity. Date on the leg band that pertains to the cock’s
identification.

(5) Colour. Colour of the cock.

(6) Sire and dam. Pressure of every of the cock’s dad and mom.

(7) Hen quantity, colour, sire, and dam. Information regarding the hen,
just like that furnished on the cock.

(8) Date laid. Month and day every egg is laid.

(9) Hatched. Month and day every egg is hatched.

(10) Banded. Month and day every teenager is banded.

(11) Band variety of kids. The letters USA, and yr of hatching
seem within the left column of the band positioned on proper leg of teenager.
Loft designation and serial quantity assigned to the teenager seem in
the proper column of band.

(12) Colour, intercourse, remarks. Colour of the teenager and remarks, such
as disposition when it leaves the breeding compartment. Usually, intercourse
can’t be decided presently and is entered at a later date.

(13) Egg disposition. If the egg is faraway from its dad and mom to be
hatched by different pigeons, or whether it is destroyed, its disposition is
entered on the cardboard.

b. Pigeon Breeding File E-book, WD SC Type 67 (fig. 17).
The pigeon breeding report is a everlasting report maintained at every
loft the place breeding actions are performed. Information are taken from the
breeding card of the teenager (see a above) and the breeding report
of the guardian pigeons, and are entered as follows:

(1) Band quantity. Band numbers assigned to kids hatched throughout
the yr, in numerical sequence.

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(2) Colour. Reverse the band quantity, colour and intercourse of every teenager.

(3) Nest quantity. Variety of the nest occupied by the guardian pigeons.

(4) Band quantity, colour, sire, dam. Information on every guardian, on a separate
line.

(5) Band quantity, colour, g. sire, g. dam. Information for the guardian pigeons
(grandparents of the kids), entered on separate strains, are
obtained from the breeding information of the grandparent birds.

(6) Pressure. Reverse their band and colour, strains of the
grandparents of the kids.

(7) Notes. A small house beneath every entry, as indicated in determine 16,
is used to indicate:

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(a) Date teenager was hatched.

(b) Efficiency report of the teenager.

(c) Band numbers of any of its excellent offspring.

(d) Underneath Sire and Dam, efficiency report of guardian, together with
most flight distance so far, and excellent racing efficiency if
any.

c. Pigeon Flight File E-book, WD SC Type 1183 (fig. 18).
The pigeon flight-record e book comprises flight information of all of the birds
housed in a single loft and is a whole account of their particular person
performances and coaching. Every flight made by a pigeon is entered on
its report. A flight report is began for every teenager when it’s
faraway from its dad and mom and positioned within the flying loft. The report is
saved updated. Entries ought to be made as follows:

(1) Band quantity. Information on the identification band as proven on the
breeding card.

(2) Colour. Colour of the pigeons, additionally taken from the breeding card.

(3) Intercourse. If the intercourse can’t be decided when the shape is began, it
is entered later.

(4) Hatched. Date proven on the breeding card.

(5) Flight report. File of every flight on a separate line underneath
every column as follows:

(a) Date of flight. Month, day, and yr the flight was made. Yr
could also be entered on the head of the column to keep away from repetition.

(b) Nature of flight. Acceptable description of flight, reminiscent of
coaching, sign communication, or race; and the way tossed, reminiscent of
single, double, or group. These abbreviations of entries could also be
used: Tng, for coaching; Sig Com, for sign communication; ST, for
single-tossed; DT for double-tossed; GT, for group-tossed.

(c) Competitors. Variety of lofts and the variety of pigeons entered
in a contest or race.

(d) Distance. Distance traveled in miles (air line) for every
flight, and the route from the loft to the purpose of launch.
Abbreviations for instructions could also be used, for instance, NW, SE, and so forth.

(e) Place and pace. Place gained in a race or single-tossed
coaching flight (reminiscent of first, second) and the pace attained in
yards per minutes (YPM) or miles per hour (MPH). Pace is entered for
all flights if details can be found for calculation. When birds are
group-tossed, enter “late” for these failing to reach on the loft with
the group. If birds break free and arrive on the loft prematurely of the
group, observe place of arrival (reminiscent of 1, 2, and so forth.).

d. Pigeon Pedigree File, WD SC Type 68 (fig. 22). The
pigeon pedigree report is saved for every pigeon used for breeding. Information
are taken from breeding and different pedigree information, and are entered as
follows:

(1) Title, colour and intercourse, registry quantity (band quantity), date hatched,
by what loft bred, and flight report.

(2) Band numbers and colour of oldsters.

(3) Band quantity, colours, and strains of grandparents.

(4) In “remarks” embrace all issues in regards to the pigeon or its pressure
which bear upon its means and breeding worth.

(5) Within the areas underneath Father, Mom, Grandfather, and Grandmother,
enter applicable info regarding their flying and breeding
information. Pigeon pedigree report, WD SC Type 1177, which is an extended
kind, could also be used when vital if the pedigree is on the market for the
great-grandparents.

33

c. Month-to-month Pigeon Loft Report, WD SC Type 1133 (figs. 20 and
21). The month-to-month pigeon loft report is ready for every pigeon unit on
the final day of every month. Clean areas on the report are stuffed in as
follows:

(1) Date. Day, month, and yr.

(2) Group. Unit submitting report.

(3) Station. Title of submit, camp, or station at which the unit is
situated.

(4) Pigeons readily available. These notations pertain to birds over 4 weeks of
age.

(a) Previous cocks. Whole variety of male pigeons over 1 yr of age.

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(b) Previous hens. Whole variety of feminine pigeons over 1 yr of age.

(c) Children over 4 weeks of age. Whole variety of pigeons between
4 weeks and 1 yr of age.

(5) Mixture whole. Whole variety of pigeons, young and old, listed
in (4) above.

(6) Licensed power. Whole variety of pigeons licensed.

(7) Breeding actions.

(a) Mated pairs. Whole variety of pairs of guardian pigeons mated for
breeding functions.

(b) Eggs. Whole variety of eggs in nest.

(c) Hatched. Whole variety of kids underneath 4 weeks of age.

(8) Different pigeons. (a) Donated. Whole variety of pigeons donated
to the Sign Corps by civilian pigeon fanciers.

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(b) Loaned. Whole variety of pigeons loaned to the Sign Corps by
civilian pigeon fanciers.

(c) Whole. Whole variety of donated and loaned pigeons readily available.

(9) Losses throughout month. (a) Illness. Whole variety of banded
pigeons misplaced or destroyed in the course of the month because of illness.

(b) Accident. Whole variety of banded pigeons misplaced in the course of the month
because of accident.

(c) Flight. Whole variety of pigeons misplaced throughout month whereas in
flight (enter band numbers underneath remarks).

(d) Sale. Whole variety of banded pigeons bought as surplus in the course of the
month, if any. If none, so state.

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(e) Whole. Whole variety of banded pigeons misplaced throughout month from
all causes listed.

(10) Variety of birds shipped throughout month (vacation spot).
Self-explanatory.

(11) Variety of birds acquired throughout month (supply). Self-explanatory.

(12) Abstract of coaching. Weekly Coaching Schedules provide
info for each courses of birds.

(13) Instruction by loft personnel. Organizations receiving
instruction, variety of hours, and nature of instruction.

(14) Personnel. Self-explanatory.

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(15) Loft gear and provides. Self-explanatory. Notice any merchandise of
gear readily available outdated by an merchandise listed.

(16) Remarks and suggestions. Notice info on the tactical
operation of the unit; band numbers of birds misplaced in flight; birds
culled in the course of the month (together with kids), along with the
causes for culling; and any remarks and suggestions not coated
elsewhere on this report. (If extra house is required, use plain
sheets of bond paper.)

(17) Commanding. The identify, grade, and workplace of the officer in cost
are typewritten or printed in ink beneath his signature.

28. Banding

a. Every breeding loft is furnished with figuring out steel leg
bands for use in banding all kids. These bands, PG-16, are
manufactured in pairs. Every pair bears the pigeon’s serial quantity.

(1) One of many pair of bands bears a marking which incorporates U*S, the
final two figures of the calendar yr the fowl was hatched, the letters
SC or AAF, and a serial quantity. This band is positioned on the left leg and
signifies that the pigeon was bred by america Military. It ought to
not be eliminated because it serves to establish the pigeon with its breeding
report.

(2) The opposite band of the pair bears marking equivalent to that in (1)
above besides that rather than the “U*S” it bears the letters “USA.”
This band is positioned on the proper leg, and it signifies that the pigeon was
bred by and is the property of america Military. This band is
eliminated every time the pigeon ceases to stay the property of the United
States Military.

b. Along with the banded pigeons bred and owned by the United
States Military, there are these of america Navy, and two giant
nationwide associations of civilian pigeon fanciers, the American Racing
Pigeon Union and the Worldwide Federation of American Homing Pigeon
Fanciers, in addition to these of quite a few smaller organizations. The
following examples illustrate the character of the legends used on the
bands:

USN 32 492AU 28 EC 1245
IF 27 C 6700

38

39

c. When banded pigeons are misplaced in flight, their band markings are
listed on the Month-to-month Pigeon Loft Report (par. 27 e).

d. Every loft is permitted to make use of varied coloured, spiral, celluloid
leg bands for particular identification functions. For instance, all pigeons
in a selected compartment of every loft could also be fitted with celluloid
bands of the identical colour to facilitate conserving observe of them. These
bands, PG-15, are requisitioned within the following colours: pink, yellow,
inexperienced, light-blue, dark-blue, black, and pink.

29. Loft Gear

a. T/O & E 11-39 prescribes the licensed allowances of
nonexpendable pigeon gear for sign pigeon firms and is the
foundation for requisition.

b. Military Service Forces Catalog SIG 4-1, Sign Provide Catalog,
Allowances of Expendable Provides, prescribes the licensed allowances
of expendable objects for sign pigeon firms and is the premise for
requisition.

c. The premise for different pigeon models to requisition gear and
provides relies upon upon the variety of licensed pigeons they’ve and
their explicit wants.

d. Ample descriptive info of things should be indicated
on the requisition to allow constructive identification. All required
info pertaining to allowances, provides readily available, due in (on
requisition), and foundation for subject should be clearly said on all
requisitions submitted to the station sign property officer.

e. Normally, the next objects of provides and gear in
various numbers will meet regular necessities of pigeon lofts:

30. Message Holders

Message Holder PG-67 consists of a physique, cap, leg clamp, strap,
and fastener (fig. 23). The physique, cap, and leg clamp are fabricated from
clear plastic materials.

a. To connect message holder to pigeon, place leg clamp of holder,
across the aluminum identification band on the pigeon’s leg and safe
strap via the fastener. The message holder should at all times be
connected with the cap pointing within the route of the pigeon’s physique.
If connected with the cap pointing down it should intervene with the
fowl’s strolling. The aluminum bands should be free sufficient on the pigeon’s
leg to permit the message holder to regulate itself to positions that can
not intervene with the fowl’s flying. In emergencies, a message holder
could also be positioned on every leg.

b. Pigeons for use for sign communication ought to be educated with
the message holder connected to the leg to accustom them to carrying
it. Pigeons ought to be distributed to fight troops, with message
holders connected whether it is recognized that the receiving troops haven’t had
coaching or expertise in dealing with the birds. In any other case, holders could also be
delivered individually. Personnel of a loft ought to make each effort to
present message heart models being served with vital info
regarding care, dealing with, and launch of birds.

43

c. To take away a message from a pigeon, catch the fowl after it has
trapped; maintain it in a single hand, prolong its leg, and take away the message
holder with the opposite hand. Launch pigeon in loft.

d. When it’s vital for a pigeon to hold a message and a message
holder shouldn’t be accessible, fold message clean, connect it by looping it
across the leg band and tie its two ends along with a bit of
thread or gentle weight string.

Warning: NEVER WIND a string or rubber band round a pigeon’s
leg as a result of it should cease the circulation and will trigger the pigeon to
lose its leg.

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31. Accountability for Coaching

The commanding officer of a sign pigeon firm, or the officer in
cost of a pigeon unit, will put together a coaching program to function a
basic information for actions of the unit. Weekly coaching schedules for
the steerage of the enlisted personnel will likely be based mostly upon this permitted
coaching program for the unit.

32. {Qualifications} for Pigeoneers

a. Normal. Minimal specs required for a pigeoneer
are——

(1) Ability. That required for a primary personal, plus the flexibility to
take care of, feed correctly, catch, and maintain pigeons; to connect messages;
and to coach birds for messenger service.

(2) Data. That required for a primary personal, plus an intensive
information of capabilities, limitations, and habits of homing pigeons.

(3) Private traits. A pigeoneer who’s boisterous and of a turbulent
nature tends to frighten and upset pigeons and thus cut back their
effectiveness. The profitable pigeoneer ought to possess——

(a) Dependability. To carry out all his duties recurrently and promptly.

(b) Kindness. To acquire confidence of the pigeons.

(c) Persistence. To spend a lot time and repeated effort required for
coaching pigeons.

(d) Neatness. To keep up a sanitary and enticing loft for the
pigeons.

(e) Firmness. To implement management over pigeons.

(f) Energy of correct statement. To notice and be taught
traits of particular person pigeons within the loft by observing particulars
readily and precisely.

b. Primary coaching. Solely certified primary privates are
chosen for pigeoneer coaching. Ability and information to be attained in
this course could also be based mostly on this guide.

c. Advance coaching. Certified pigeoneers who full
primary coaching prescribed in b above, and who possess the flexibility,
could also be chosen for advance coaching which can put together them to develop into
specialists or non-commissioned officers. This coaching will educate:

(1) Ability. (a) Skill to handle a coaching loft and to coach each
younger and previous pigeons.

(b) Skill to handle a breeding loft and supervise breeding
actions after schedules have been ready.

(c) Skill to instruct others in (a) and (b) above.

(2) Data. A pigeoneer ought to possess an intensive information of
loft administration; feeding, coaching, and breeding of pigeons; and
employment of pigeon communications described on this guide.

46

33. Introduction to Pigeon Coaching

It’s nearly unimaginable to prescribe anyone methodology for coaching homing
pigeons. There are particular steps, nonetheless, that should be adopted if the
birds are to present dependable messenger service. The strategies for coaching
Military homing pigeons are prescribed on this part. Nevertheless, they’re
not the one strategies by which birds may be educated. Success with the
birds relies upon largely on the person pigeoneer’s expertise and
technical information. That is significantly true regarding operation of
fight lofts.

34. Settling Pigeons

Settling is the method of conditioning a pigeon to return to its dwelling
loft when launched. Finest outcomes may be anticipated from younger birds simply
out of the nest as a result of settling and resettling develop into harder
because the age of the pigeon will increase. Many various strategies are used to
settle pigeons to lofts, and no ironclad guidelines may be set all the way down to cowl
all conditions. The age of the birds, kind of loft, and expertise of
the pigeoneer will decide the tactic used and success achieved. Two
settling procedures will likely be defined on this part. The primary will
be for younger birds not sturdy on the wing, and the second for older
birds which are sturdy on the wing. These procedures are basic and
could also be used, with slight variations, to settle birds to all forms of
lofts. Within the case of the fight loft, nonetheless, keep in mind that pigeons
are educated to acknowledge a sure kind of loft slightly than terrain
options or geographic areas. A fight loft is moved every day throughout
coaching in order that the birds don’t develop into accustomed to 1 location.
In any other case settling to a fight loft is identical as settling to any
different loft.

a. Settling birds not sturdy on wing. The expression “not
sturdy on the wing” signifies that pigeons would not have adequate power
of their wings to remain within the air for sustained flight, for instance,
kids faraway from the nest when 28 to 36 days previous. These younger
pigeons are tame and simple to deal with; they don’t seem to be as excitable as older
birds as a result of their sense of concern has not but developed. For these
causes they are often simply settled. They don’t seem to be sturdy sufficient on the
wing, nonetheless, to steer clear of the loft for extended durations.

(1) Feed and water. Feed birds liberally on the primary day they’re
positioned within the loft, however by no means feed them closely at any time after that.
Ensure that the water fountain is positioned the place it may be discovered simply.
Younger pigeons ought to be saved prisoners for about 2 days. Throughout this
time watch them rigorously to find out whether or not all have realized
drink. If any fowl seems sleepy it could not have realized drink
or the place to acquire water. This fowl may be taught to drink by forcing
its complete beak into the water.

(2) Studying to lure. It’s of the utmost significance that pigeons
used for delivering messages lure promptly. A fowl could be the quickest
flyer within the loft but be ineffective as a result of it is not going to lure instantly
upon return to the loft. The message can’t be faraway from the
pigeon’s leg if the fowl stays on the roof of the loft as an alternative of
coming into the lure. For that reason it’s important that trapping
workouts be rigorously carried out. The most effective time for this coaching
is when birds are being settled. Set up the lure late within the night
of the second day of confinement and permit the kids to exit
on their very own initiative and go searching. This permits them to develop into
acquainted with the surface of the loft and the encompassing territory. On
the third day catch the kids, place them on the touchdown board,
and gently push one by one by the lure. Some birds might take to
the wing however they are going to solely keep within the air a couple of minutes47 at anyone
time. These pigeons is not going to fly away; they’re merely studying the use
of their wings and can return when drained. Place a small quantity of feed
within the loft throughout this coaching and repeat the trapping train till
the kids overcome all concern of the lure. After the birds have
realized undergo the lure permit them to stay outdoors the
loft for about ½ hour after which persuade them to lure into the loft
themselves. The birds are particularly nervous presently and may
not be frightened. Whereas persuading the birds to enter the loft, the
pigeoneer ought to give them a small quantity of feed by hand, and on the
similar time acquaint them with the feed name.

(3) Exercising. On the fourth and following days of coaching the
birds could also be turned out morning and late afternoon for about
½ hour of train. After every train interval proceed coaching the
birds to lure promptly upon their return to the loft. Right now
they need to be fed solely sufficient to help in trapping. On these first
few days the pigeons might train singly or in small teams. On the
eighth day or quickly after, nonetheless, many of the birds will start to
take their train flights in a single compact flock. As quickly as they do
this, train the birds at midday as it will situation them quicker
and in addition accustom them to flying in the course of the warmth of the day. If after
the seventh day there are just a few birds that don’t depart the loft for
train, induce them to fly by pushing them gently off the loft with
a bamboo fishing rod or related pole. In any case birds have realized to
train in a flock for ½ hour or extra after which return to the loft
they could be thought-about settled. They’re now prepared for his or her first
coaching tosses (par. 35).

b. Settling birds sturdy on wing. The next methodology is
advised for settling pigeons which are 36 days of age or older. It’s
assumed48 that these birds have been educated to lure and that they’re
acquainted with the feed name. In the event that they haven’t been taught to lure, then
such coaching should be carried on together with this methodology of
settling. It’s vital to make use of a wire inclosure reminiscent of a settling
cage in educating these birds to lure as a result of they are going to fly away if not
confined.

(1) Starvation and tameness. These are the 2 most necessary elements in
settling birds sturdy on the wing, and the extent to which they’re49
developed and managed will enormously decide the pace with which
the pigeons may be settled.

(a) Starvation. By no means feed pigeons a full ration of feed at anyone
time in the course of the settling interval. Preserve them undoubtedly on the hungry
facet always. This serves to impress upon them that the loft is
the place to seek out meals. Hand-feeding will management the distribution
of feed and, on the similar time, encourage the birds to develop into tame.
Pigeoneers are urged to hand-feed their birds always if attainable.

(b) Tameness. The pigeoneer ought to spend as a lot time as he can
within the loft with the birds. The loft ought to be organized in order that the
birds will likely be close to the pigeoneer. This can serve a double function: the
pigeoneer turns into higher acquainted along with his birds, and so they in flip
lose all concern of him.

(2) Confinement. It could be essential to confine these birds for
a number of days, relying on their age. A settling cage to suit on the
touchdown board and roof of the loft could also be constructed from wooden and
wire mesh (fig. 27). This confines the pigeons, however on the similar time
permits them to develop into acquainted with the roof, touchdown board, lure,
and quick territory across the loft. The certified pigeoneer can
anticipate by the tameness, starvation, and actions of the birds, once they
are able to be given their first freedom.

(3) First freedom. Days with overcast skies or gentle rains are most
favorable for first releasing the birds. Finest outcomes may be anticipated
if birds are launched within the late afternoon when they’re hungry. When
the pigeoneer determines that the birds are able to be given their
freedom, or on the third or fourth day of settling on the new location,
the next process is noticed:

Pressure all the pigeons into the settling cage, besides for 3
or 4 birds chosen prematurely for his or her tameness. Give this small
group of birds their freedom. Pigeons love firm; due to this fact, after
taking to the air, these birds will often be attracted again by the
remaining birds within the settling cage. After the pigeons circle the loft
just a few instances name them in to forestall them from straying. For this primary
liberation transfer the settling cage on the loft far sufficient to 1 facet
to reveal roughly half of the lure. This allows the pigeons to
enter the loft as quickly as they return.

When the primary group returns satisfactorily, give one other small group
their freedom. The variety of birds within the subsequent teams could also be
elevated if passable outcomes are obtained with the primary few
teams. If the primary group, or any a part of it fails to return, nonetheless,
no different birds ought to be given their freedom that day. Repeat this
process the next day.

At no time in the course of the first 2 days of liberty ought to your complete flock
be given its freedom at one time. After roughly 50 % of the
birds has been given their liberty a number of instances, your complete flock
could also be given open loft and permitted to go out and in at will throughout
the late afternoon. Give open loft once more the following day on the similar time.
On subsequent days permit the birds their freedom every morning and
night for about ½ hour of train.

Any birds that fail to take to the air ought to be gently pressured to
train. Midday train durations will accustom birds to flying within the
warmth of the day. When all birds have realized to train freely in a
flock after which return to the loft they’re thought-about settled and prepared
for additional coaching as message carriers.

50

(4) Abstract. These important factors are to be remembered in settling
younger pigeons:

(a) Train birds to enter loft instantly after every train flight.
Loitering outdoors might develop into a hard and fast behavior which can make the birds
undesirable for messenger service.

(b) By no means drive pigeons from the loft in the course of the first few days of
settling.

(c) Make sure pigeons are exercised and fed recurrently.

(d) Preserve birds as tame as attainable and don’t overfeed them.

(e) At no time permit the birds to develop into frightened.

(f) Don’t interpret these directions on settling as ironclad
guidelines. It could be essential to differ them sometimes, relying
upon the state of affairs.

35. Coaching for Messenger Service

This coaching is began as quickly because the birds have been settled to the
loft from which they are going to be distributed. All pigeons besides these
particularly reserved for breeding functions might endure coaching
repeatedly from the time they’re 28 days previous till they’re no
longer appropriate for messenger service. Essentially, the strategies for
coaching pigeons to cellular fight lofts are the identical as these for
stationary lofts. To keep away from confusion, any distinction in methodology will likely be
famous within the following paragraphs.

a. Conditioning. Step one in coaching homing pigeons
for messenger service is to develop the well being and power vital
to endure sustained flight. This course of is known as conditioning. The
diploma of coaching essential to situation the birds will differ with the
mission for which they’re being educated. Birds that will likely be required
to fly lengthy distances will essentially be given longer and extra
intensive coaching than birds that will likely be required to fly solely brief
distances.

(1) Well being of the pigeon depends on correct care. Overcrowding
of birds ought to be averted always. Good loft sanitation and
air flow, along with correct food regimen and uncontaminated consuming
water, are elements in well being which are underneath the management of the
pigeoneer. He’s due to this fact largely answerable for the over-all well being
of pigeons in his loft.

51

52

(2) Power is developed by train flights across the loft, and by
coaching flights produced from distant factors.

b. Coaching flights. Pigeons could also be given coaching flights
in teams, in pairs, or singly. This coaching process is usually
known as “taking the birds down the highway for a coaching toss.”

(1) Group tossing. Three or extra birds are launched at one time.
Younger birds are gregarious and can work extra satisfactorily when
launched in small teams slightly than individually. For that reason
birds being given their first coaching flights ought to be group tossed.

(2) Double tossing. A flock of pigeons is launched in pairs; every
pair is permitted adequate time to vanish earlier than the following pair is
launched.

(3) Single tossing. One fowl at a time is launched and permitted
to return to the loft alone. That is useful coaching and all birds
ought to be given two or extra single tosses of 10 or extra miles earlier than
being utilized in messenger service. Single tossing shouldn’t be practiced
at distances in extra of 10 miles till the pigeons have been nicely
settled in a selected location.

(4) Use of cage PG-50 in coaching. Preliminary coaching of pigeons
ought to embrace a number of temporary durations of confinement within the 10-bird
coaching cage PG-50. After a interval of confinement open doorways rigorously
and permit the birds to emerge of their very own free will. The discharge level
ought to be nearby of the loft.

(5) Use of pigeon gear PG-103/CB and PG-105/CB. Pigeons to be
used for carrying messages ought to be launched from these 2- or 4-bird
containers after a quick interval of confinement. This can accustom
them to the packing containers earlier than fight use. Ensure that recent water is on the market
for the birds throughout confinement interval.

53

c. Superior coaching flights. Superior coaching of navy
pigeons is primarily directional flight coaching, that’s, releasing
coaching pigeons to fly again in a single basic route from varied
distances alongside the identical course. The course could also be north, south, east
or west as decided by the placement of the loft in relation to
the purpose of launch. Directional flights are probably the most appropriate for
navy use, since pace and reliability of the fowl are significantly
elevated and the time concerned in coaching is relatively brief.
If correctly educated, nonetheless, pigeons will return to their loft
from affordable distances in any route. A return flight from a
route completely different from the educated line of flight could be known as
a nondirectional flight. The pace from nondirectional flights will
often be slower and fewer dependable than from directional flights.
That is significantly true when the pigeon should fly from the alternative
route of the educated line of flight. For nondirectional flights
to be dependable, pigeons ought to be given coaching tosses from various
distances from all factors of the compass. Since the sort of coaching
shouldn’t be pressured within the Military Pigeon Service the topic is not going to be
mentioned any additional.

54

(1) Directional coaching to stationary lofts. The stationary loft
coaching chart (fig. 32) will support the pigeoneer in directional coaching
of pigeons when the loft is in a everlasting location. Throughout coaching,
flight speeds will common 30 miles an hour from distances of 13 miles
or extra if a direct line of flight is adopted. When the coaching
flights (fig. 32) have been accomplished, the pace of pigeons will
often be quicker than 37½ miles an hour. To keep up this pace
roughly as soon as every week give pigeons one flight from 40 to 50 miles
and two or extra brief flights from 15 to twenty miles. Such flights will
hold the birds in situation for messenger service from distances as much as
125 miles. Any fowl returning in dangerous situation will likely be benefited extra
by a remainder of 3 or extra days than by additional coaching. If birds exceed
40 miles an hour on their first coaching flight from launch55 factors
of 13 miles or extra, they could be failing to watch variations in
topography. Subsequently, to be conservative throughout this coaching interval,
launch them once more from the identical level so that they could be taught
totally the bodily traits of the area over which they
fly. This second liberation from the identical level enormously assists in
avoiding losses at future liberating factors from higher distances. A
second liberation can also be beneficial if the birds return at speeds of
lower than 20 miles an hour, since it may be assumed that they didn’t
observe a direct line of flight. A second flight over the identical course
offers the birds a chance to be taught a extra direct line of flight.
Except hostile climate circumstances exist, pigeons typically proceed to
fly in a direct line as soon as it’s realized. Robust head winds and the necessity
to fly round native storms will gradual the birds down.

56

(2) Directional coaching to fight lofts. Fight (or cellular) lofts
are used throughout fight when it’s vital to ascertain quick
pigeon communication. Since pigeons could also be required to furnish dependable
messenger service inside 8 days after shifting to a brand new location, their
coaching should be rigorously deliberate and assuredly achieved.
Flight coaching begins as quickly because the loft is established close to the
headquarters to be served. Till this time, nonetheless, the birds are
not given any coaching tosses. They’re, in fact, absolutely settled
to the loft and have been taking every day train flights across the
loft at every new location to which the loft has been moved. Give the
birds their first train flight shortly after establishing the brand new
location. After the birds have had a quick relaxation they’re given their
first coaching toss. If climate permits, group toss the birds many
instances every day thereafter. Improve the space and cut back the dimensions
of57 the group every day in order that the birds could also be educated to distances of
25 to 50 miles in 5 days. When giving this flight coaching, observe the
fight loft coaching chart proven in determine 36.

d. Remobile coaching. (1) Remobiling. After fight birds
have been moved right into a stationary place and have been flown from
this location, it’s fascinating to coach them to mobility once more earlier than
shifting them into a brand new location. This course of is known as remobiling
and might greatest be achieved by shifting the loft only some toes at a
time till the pigeons once more develop into accustomed to having it moved.
The birds will appear fairly nervous and some might choose the bottom
or fail to enter the loft the primary few instances it’s moved. The birds
ought to develop into accustomed to looking for the loft no matter its
location. After this stage of coaching has been reached, the loft
ought to be moved farther and farther away from the previous location. Work
the pigeons as a daily cellular staff from this level on, at all times making
certain that the birds are allowed loads of time within the settling cage
earlier than they’re launched. This technique of remobiling homing pigeons
can greatest be achieved with younger birds that haven’t been settled
in a single location for greater than 6 weeks. If there’s a scarcity of younger
birds and it’s vital to make use of older birds which have been remobiled
quite a few instances, transport them to the brand new location as many instances as
attainable. Feed the birds on the new location and by no means on the previous dwelling
loft. The birds will thus be taught to retrace their flight to the brand new loft
in the event that they return to their earlier location. This methodology is beneficial solely
when the brand new location is thought prematurely. Birds that fail to carry out
correctly as message carriers and are unsuitable for breeding functions
ought to be destroyed. Birds displaying signs of illness ought to be
faraway from the loft and forwarded for hospitalization, or destroyed
if hospitalization services are usually not accessible.

(2) Reestablishing new location. If the tactical state of affairs requires
the message heart to be moved ahead, a brand new loft with birds that
have been educated in mobility will likely be positioned within the new location. The
previous loft might proceed to function till the brand new loft has established
dependable communication. This methodology of operation insures steady
message service. As quickly as the brand new loft has established dependable
message service, the previous loft will likely be eliminated, and if the birds are
nonetheless appropriate for fight loft flying the loft will likely be remobiled. If
the birds are now not appropriate for fight flying due to quite a few
resettling at completely different areas, or from being settled in a single
location too lengthy, they could be returned to the bottom camp and put in a single
of the breeding sections. The fight loft will then be restocked with
new kids from the breeding lofts and coaching in mobility will
start.

e. Coaching precautions. (1) Overtraining. Care ought to be
taken throughout flight coaching to not overtrain the birds. Such coaching
does extra hurt than good, significantly if lengthy distances are concerned.
Overtraining may be detected by the marginally dizzy, sleepy, and
unbalanced look of the birds whereas resting. When this situation
happens, permit the pigeon to relaxation for just a few days with open loft however no
pressured train.

(2) Feed mixtures whereas coaching. The birds ought to have entry to
recent water and grit always. Ensure that the feed is clear
and in the absolute best situation. By no means change the combination throughout
coaching or whereas the pigeons are getting used for messenger service
as a result of the change will throw the birds out of situation.

(3) Coaching losses. Forcing the birds to undertake distant flying
earlier than they develop into correctly settled to a location causes frequent
losses58 in the course of the coaching stage. Care ought to be taken to restrict the
first few coaching flights to distances of roughly 1 mile or much less.

(4) Catching pigeons. The pigeoneer ought to keep away from fast or sudden
actions within the loft and may by no means chase the birds in an effort to
catch them. When it’s essential to catch pigeons throughout daylight
hours, shut the blackout home windows or insert the shutters to darken
the loft. The pigeons might then be picked up simply with the help of a
flashlight. The pigeoneer ought to keep away from catching the pigeons within the loft
instantly after their return from a coaching flight.

36. Delivering Pigeons by Parachute

a. Gear. Parachute gear PG-100/CB consists of a
collapsible, cylinder-type, 4-bird container and a 6-foot hemispherical
baseball-type parachute with a fast launch clip. Parachute gear
PG-101/CB is of comparable design besides that the container has an 8-bird
capability and is connected to a 9-foot parachute. This gear is
particularly designed to produce initially or to resupply pigeons to
infantry parachute troops, infantry glider troops, or any remoted
forces requiring supply of pigeons by air.

b. Directions to be used. To insure secure supply of the
pigeons, warning should be noticed when attaching containers to the
parachutes.

59

60

61 The directions printed on every parachute pack ought to be
strictly adhered to.

c. Outcomes. Finest outcomes will likely be obtained when pigeons are
launched between the altitudes of 200 and 1,000 toes with air pace
not exceeding 125 miles an hour. Pigeons launched inside these basic
limits are much less prone to develop into misplaced due to extreme drift. The
chance of damage to the birds from excessive pace air speeding by
the container, or from shock when the parachute opens, will likely be diminished
to a minimal.

d. Directions for repacking parachutes. The next
methodology is recommended for repacking both 6- or 9-foot parachutes for
future use after they’ve been used as soon as for dropping pigeons to
floor troops.

(1) Stretch parachute full size, with one man holding the cover
on the heart of the highest and one other man holding the shroud strains
taut on the shroud line separator disk. Straighten all shroud strains,
ensuring none are twisted. Lay the parachute on a flat floor and
choose every fold of the cover as one would choose petals from a flower,
dividing the folds and related shroud strains equally on either side
(fig. 35). Get rid of creases by working the hand between the folds.

(2) Make an “S” fold within the cover lengthwise from the crown (fig. 36).
The hem will kind a big letter “S” if the fold is made correctly.

(3) Lay the shroud strains in small “S” folds on the cover beginning
roughly 10 or 12 inches again from the hem, making a adequate
variety of folds to convey the shroud line separator disk near the
hem of the cover. The parachute is now able to be folded right into a pack.
To do that, make three accordion folds within the cover (fig. 37).

(4) Tie the folded cover in place with two tie cords of no more
than 15 kilos power. Place one wire roughly 2½ inches
again from the hem and the opposite wire 2½ inches from the tip of the
pack. Connect the static line to the tie wire close to the tip of the pack,
leaving sufficient tail for one more tie to be made to the opposite tie wire
close to the hem with 3 inches of slack left between the 2 ties (fig. 38).
The static line will need to have a tensile power of not less than 200
kilos and be 15 toes lengthy. The three inches of slack left between the 2
ties are vital for every tie wire to obtain a pointy particular person
snap; in any other case each cords will break concurrently.

(5) Push the rest of the static wire between one of many folds in
the parachute. The parachute is now prepared for reuse.

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37. Mating

a. Normal. Pigeons will hold the identical mate for all times except
forcibly separated. The need to mate is a pure intuition. Since
pigeons are monogamous their mating may be managed for breeding
functions. If left to their very own inclinations, pigeons will mate between
the ages of 4 and 9 months. Mating for breeding functions, nonetheless,
shouldn’t be permitted till pigeons are not less than 9 months of age.

b. Goal. The intention in mating is to provide kids which
are equal, if not superior, in means, to both of the dad and mom. Such
kids are obtained by choosing breeder inventory with pedigree,
efficiency, bodily qualities, and temperament which can most likely
produce kids of the required kind.

38. Intercourse

a. Intercourse of the pigeon is troublesome to find out with out expertise;
nonetheless, some exterior traits assist recognition. Underneath unusual
circumstances the cock often has—

(1) Broader cranium.

(2) Bigger head.

(3) Bigger invoice and wattle.

(4) Stronger neck.

(5) Broader shoulders.

(6) Nearer vent bones.

(7) Bigger legs and toes.

b. In some circumstances, the place the bodily traits of the male and
feminine are related, it’s typically vital to watch their actions when
collectively to find out intercourse. Among the widespread actions of the cock are:

(1) Chasing hen when cooing.

(2) Scraping of the tail when cooing.

(3) Pecking the top of the hen when she exhibits no want to mate.

(4) Cock’s coo is deep and full, whereas hen’s is sharp.

39. Choice of Inventory

a. Normal. Inventory for breeding at a loft ought to be chosen
with the recommendation of the pigeon professional in command of breeding. The
pigeoneer who needs to develop into an professional within the artwork of breeding
pigeons is inspired to check extra literature on this topic.
The pedigree for not less than two generations is used to find out possible
qualities of future kids because it exhibits household, pressure, and type
of flying through which the birds excel, in addition to the efficiency of different
kids produced by the identical guardian.

b. Bodily qualities. Pigeons chosen for breeding ought to
be in good well being and as almost good bodily as attainable. A
pigeon which63 has had a critical damage, or has been very ailing, is
unsuitable. The next bodily qualities are fascinating:

(1) Feathers. Feathers ought to be of excellent high quality. Flights, that are
most necessary, ought to be heavy and large, and may overlap when the
wing is prolonged, displaying no gaps. Birds with very skinny flight ought to
not be bred. Physique feathers ought to be tender and plentiful. These on neck
and chest ought to be shiny and iridescent.

(2) Eye. The attention is complicated and is of nice significance. It ought to
by no means be of a sunken or prolonged nature, however ought to fully fill
the orbit (bone cavity containing the attention) and be surrounded by a fantastic
white textured cere. The attention ought to be clear and brilliant; its colour is
of no significance. The attention could also be greatest examined with a magnifying glass.

(a) The pupil is roughly one-third the dimensions of the attention. It
dilates and contracts in line with depth of sunshine and distance of
object being targeted. The pupil ought to be black and sensible.

(b) A skinny seen muscle (typically known as the scouting sight) ought to
fully encircle the pupil. This muscle dilates and contracts the
pupil. A portion of the muscle could also be of a darker shade and situated
both on the entrance or decrease entrance of the pupil. This muscle ought to
be distinguished in not less than one of many birds chosen for breeding to
produce the next proportion of reliable birds. If pigeons which do
not possess this muscle, or which have solely a small portion of it
seen, are for use for breeding functions, they need to be mated to
pigeons having a muscle which is extra distinguished despite the fact that it could not
fully encompass the pupil.

(c) The iris determines the colour of the attention. It ought to be nicely
blended and possess the brilliance denoting life and observance.
Pigeons possessing pale or weak eyes are usually not fascinating for breeding
functions.

Splashed birds typically possess a “bull eye” which has an iris of a stable,
darkish purplish-brown colour. When this colour seems solely on part of
the iris, the fowl has a splashed eye. It’s exhausting to detect the muscle
surrounding the pupil when the “bull eye” is current.

The colour of the iris could also be maroon, ruby-red, rose, pink, walnut,
chestnut-brown, orange, yellow-orange, carrot, violet, grayish white,
or pearl. When the iris consists of 1 colour solely, it is going to be
thought-about a “full eye.” Two colours might sometimes be current within the
iris, reminiscent of pink and yellow, orange and yellow, and so forth. The 2
colours ought to be nicely blended in any case. “Full eyes” and “two-colored
eyes” are each passable for breeding functions. Mated birds ought to
have irises of comparable shades.

The outer a part of the iris is generally darkest; the colour diminishes
towards the middle of the attention. This coloring is extra pronounced when the
birds are in high situation.

(d) The skinny line circumscribing the iris ought to be extraordinarily darkish
and really distinct.

(e) The rest of the eyeball ought to be darkish and nicely coated by
the cere. The fowl is alleged to have an “open eye” when the portion of
the eyeball which ought to be coated by the cere is seen. Birds with
open eyes are undesirable for breeding.

(f) The higher and decrease lids are part of the attention cere. A 3rd lid
which is a clear membrane frees the attention from overseas materials.
The blinking of the third lid can scarcely be detected when the pigeons
are in good well being.

(3) Measurement and temperament. Medium-sized pigeons are most fascinating and
birds ought to be mated to achieve this uniform measurement. Birds being mated64
to breed inventory for pigeon communication ought to be calm and simple going,
not high-strung. Nervous or excitable birds ought to by no means be mated.

40. Line Breeding

The intention of breeding from pigeons of the identical or intently associated
parentage is to breed the qualities of the previous birds of their
younger, amplifying the nice qualities and minimizing the dangerous. Line
breeding requires the providers of an skilled pigeoneer. Solely
champions that are bodily good ought to be mated. Aside from line
breeding, inbreeding shouldn’t be practiced.

41. Nests

a. Bowl PG-75 is an expendable merchandise fabricated from pressed wooden pulp and is
used as a nesting place for pigeons. It’s advisable to switch the
bowls sometimes to keep away from vermin. Cocks show a eager want to make use of
the identical nest compartment every time they’re mated or, if moved to a
completely different loft, the nest compartment in the identical relative place as
the one occupied beforehand. If not permitted to do that, the cock will
battle the occupant of the compartment. Subsequently, seek the advice of earlier
breeding information rigorously in assigning nest compartments. Hens don’t
present this trait, however settle for a change in compartments and observe their
mates.

b. Preserve a provide of tobacco stems for nest materials in a rack on the
flooring of the loft. Permit the pigeons to rearrange this materials to swimsuit
their fancy. Put a handful of sawdust or wooden shavings within the nest bowl
to forestall breaking of eggs.

42. Management of Breeding

The strategy of management given beneath is easy, pure, and profitable;
it requires minimal dealing with of the birds.

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a. Time. Since greatest kids are obtained when birds are
mated throughout February, March, and April, every time attainable, organize all
breeding for the yr throughout these months. Eggs which shouldn’t be
hatched ought to be changed with EGG PG-50 (glass).

b. Mating. To start breeding, place every pair to be mated
in its nest, and confine for about 1 day. Open one of many
nests and permit the pair to go away and return at will. The pair could also be
thought-about mated after it returns to the nest a number of instances. Shut the
nest compartment and proceed in the identical method with the following pair, and
so on till every pair is mated.

c. After mating. To reduce the hazard of birds coming into
the unsuitable nest and combating, open solely alternate nest compartments for
the primary few days after mating.

d. Following season. Any pair producing excellent
kids ought to be mated the identical method annually. Mated pairs
producing unsatisfactory kids ought to be separated and every
pigeon remated. Destroy breeder pigeons which produce unsatisfactory
kids subsequently.

43. Laying

The primary egg is often laid throughout late afternoon from 7 to 10 days
after nesting has been began. The second egg is laid roughly 44
hours later. As a rule, guardian birds don’t hover the primary egg till
the second egg has been laid. This often permits the kids to
hatch inside 1 hour of one another, and provides each an equal likelihood.
The teenager from the primary egg will likely be a lot bigger than the opposite
if the guardian birds begin to hover on the time the primary egg is laid.
Fertility is indicated if the egg turns into a light-weight bluish colour after 10
days, or if it exhibits blood strains after 5 days when held as much as the solar’s
rays. Don’t destroy the primary pair of eggs as it’s typically believed
that they typically produce one of the best kids of that yr.

44. Hatching and Feeding

a. The incubation interval is from 17 to 18 days lengthy. The hen pigeon
often sits from 1600 of sooner or later to 1000 the next morning; the
male pigeon sits the rest of that day.

b. The younger pigeons are fed by each dad and mom. Their first feed is a
thick, creamy-white excretion produced within the crop of each feminine and
male (pigeon milk or pap). Pigeons are the one birds each sexes of
which produce milk for his or her younger. The younger pigeon locations it’s invoice
down the throat of both guardian, and the guardian in return forces the
meals into the younger one’s throat. This methodology of feeding is called
“regurgitation.”

45. Identification

The identification report of the pigeon is began when the hen lays
the egg. Till the time that the teenager leaves the nest compartment,
this report is saved on a breeding card (par. 27). For identification
functions, every pigeon is banded when roughly 8 days of age (par. 28).

46. Culling

It’s essential to cull (destroy) severely to maintain the inventory in a loft
as much as normal. Cull birds which don’t meet bodily necessities
for breeding66 except all birds are wanted. As well as, destroy these
which present a particular lack of intelligence, or which don’t carry out up
to the typical. About 30 % of the younger bred in anyone season
are usually underneath the bodily normal and ought to be culled to maintain
the inventory from degenerating. Along with losses sustained by
culling, 20 to 30 % of the remaining inventory could also be anticipated to
be misplaced throughout coaching flights, as results of illness and damage, or
by extra culling due to substandard efficiency.

---

47. Normal

Sure ailments assault pigeons. Regular preventive strategies often
shield pigeons from illness. If, nonetheless, these ailments are usually not
detected instantly, they’re prone to sweep by the loft,
destroying or ruining many of the birds. It’s vital, due to this fact,
that the pigeoneer be capable of detect, accurately diagnose, and deal with the
extra widespread pigeon ailments, along with taking preventive measures.

48. Prevention of Illness

Illness prevention is way less complicated and cheaper than management or treatment.
Medicines are solely emergency measures utilized in an try to beat
illness.

a. Sanitation. That is crucial method of stopping
illness and its worth ought to by no means be underestimated. The next
guidelines for sanitation within the care of pigeons should be strictly adhered to:

(1) Preserve loft clear and dry.

(2) Preserve consuming fountain clear and water free from air pollution.

(3) Quarantine new inventory till sure that each one birds are free from
illness.

(4) By no means allow stray pigeons, wild birds, or rodents (mice, rats,
and so forth.) to enter the loft.

(5) By no means feed pigeons on a unclean flooring, as a result of many of the extra
critical ailments are transmitted by the droppings.

(6) Bury or burn diseased birds which have been destroyed.

(7) Instantly isolate birds displaying any indicators of illness.

(8) After touching diseased birds disinfect the palms earlier than dealing with
different birds.

(9) Totally clear and disinfect lofts contaminated by illness.

b. Loft situation. Pigeons must not ever be crowded within the
loft. It’s best to subdivide giant lofts into smaller compartments
for higher management and ease of statement. Daylight and dryness are
two nice pure disinfectants which ought to be utilized absolutely by
loads of window house and ample air flow. Get rid of sturdy
direct drafts as a result of they chill birds and decrease their resistance to
illness.

49. Management of Illness

a. Pigeons displaying any indicators of illness should be segregated
instantly. In fight lofts there may be usually no place accessible to
isolate and deal with diseased birds, due to this fact, it’s often advisable to
destroy them and burn or bury their stays to keep away from contaminating the
remainder of the flock.

b. In any case of illness, the loft ought to be totally cleaned and
disinfected to destroy the germs of the illness in addition to the mites
and lice which can be carriers. Cresol, saponated resolution, is an
environment friendly disinfectant68 when utilized in a 4-percent resolution in heat or
sizzling water. This disinfectant is issued to sign pigeon firms.

50. Anatomy and Physiology

A information of the construction and performance of the fowl’s physique helps
a pigeoneer perceive his birds and sure of their ailments. For
comfort, the varied organs are divided into teams or techniques
in line with their features.

a. Respiratory system. (1) Mouth and nostrils admit air.

(2) Glottis or larynx is the opening into the trachea.

(3) Trachea conducts air to and from the lungs.

(4) Lungs are organs of gaseous interchange. Air areas are surrounded
by a community of capillaries. Right here the blood offers off carbon dioxide
and takes on oxygen.

(5) 9 air sacs cool the pigeon, give it buoyance, and mechanically
support the pigeon to breathe.

b. Digestive system. (1) Mouth is the opening by which
meals is acquired.

(2) Esophagus conducts meals to the crop.

(3) Crop, or ingluvius, shops and softens the meals.

(4) True abdomen, or proventriculus, furnishes gastric digestive juices
that digest proteins and carbohydrates.

(5) Gizzard is the grinding and mixing organ.

(6) Pancreas furnishes digestive juices that digest fat, proteins, and
carbohydrates, moreover furnishing sure inner secretions.

(7) Liver produces bile which helps digest meals.

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(8) Intestines present house for meals whereas it’s being digested
and absorbed by the blood stream. The intestines additionally furnish some
digestive juices.

c. Circulatory system. The circulatory system consists of
the center, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Its perform is to convey
nourishing blood from the center to all components of the physique and to dispose
of the waste materials produced by the working tissues. The guts
consists of 4 chambers: two ventricles and two auricles. The fitting
auricle receives the stale blood from the veins and pumps it into the
proper ventricle which pumps it by an artery to the lungs. Right here
waste matter, reminiscent of carbon dioxide, is eradicated from the blood
and recent oxygen is restored. The blood then returns to the center
by a vein coming into the left auricle. Continuing from the left
auricle to the left ventricle, it’s pumped out by the arteries
to the capillaries, that are the smallest vessels of the physique. The
capillaries flow into the blood by each tissue of the physique,
dishing out oxygen and meals. The blood then picks up waste materials on
its return to the center by the veins. The circulation of blood in
the pigeon may be very speedy, and with the center beating 200 to 300 instances a
minute, only some minutes are required to finish the circuit.

d. Reproductive system. (1) Male birds have two testes
(testicles).

(2) Feminine birds have one (left) ovary and one oviduct, or egg tube,
by which the yolks cross to get the albumin, shell membrane, and
shell.

e. Urinary system. The kidneys take impurities out of the
blood, and cross them into the cloaca (mixture bladder and rectum).

51. Indications of Illness

a. The widespread indications of illness are—

(1) Refusing to eat.

(2) Uninteresting, watery eyes.

(3) Droopy look with ruffled feathers and no want to maneuver.

(4) Inexperienced, watery droppings. If such droppings are famous within the loft
all birds ought to be watched till the sick one is detected.

b. The simplest and greatest strategy to detect sick pigeons is to watch the
birds at feeding time. The pigeoneer must also study all birds as
they’re being basketed for coaching tosses.

52. Illnesses

Pigeons are topic to quite a few infectious and contagious ailments.
These ailments are attributable to germs reminiscent of micro organism and viruses, and
are transmitted in poor feed, soiled water, unclean lofts, and related
circumstances displaying mismanagement. Infectious ailments are contagious if
the birds themselves transmit germs to 1 one other.

a. Pigeon pox is a standard infectious, contagious illness which
often impacts unfeathered parts of the pigeon’s head and toes.
Pox typically develop on the mucous membrane, lining of the mouth and
throat. In an outbreak, each sorts are often seen. The pox seem as
swellings coated with gentle yellow materials and are generally known as
moist pock, diphtheria, or canker.

(1) Signs. The course of the illness runs about 4 weeks.

(a) The virus will get into the pores and skin or mucous membrane and causes a
wartlike swelling, known as a pock, on the level of an infection. The virus
grows and causes the pock to enlarge for about 10 days.

(b) In the course of the subsequent 10 days the tissues start to die and switch
yellow.70 Generally a blister kinds within the pock, however solely a slight
enlargement happens throughout this era. Over the past 10 days the
affected tissues start to dry and kind scabs which quickly heal and drop
off.

(c) Pock within the mouth and throat follows the identical course as in (b)
above besides they’re coated with a light-weight yellow layer of tissues.
As a substitute of changing into a dry scab formation, the pock turns into a yellow
tacky formation.

(2) Remedy. Often that is of little worth, as pox will run its
course of about 4 weeks, no matter remedy.

(a) One % yellow oxide of mercury ointment will assist soothe
affected eyes.

(b) Pock within the mouth could also be lower away, and the world painted with
tincture of iodine or rigorously cauterized with silver nitrate to cease
bleeding.

(c) Birds that refuse to eat could also be fed by pressure till the illness
runs its course.

(d) Vaccination has no healing worth on affected birds.

(e) Totally clear and disinfect loft after an outbreak of this
illness.

(3) Prevention. That is easy if all inclined birds are
vaccinated. Vaccination towards pox is without doubt one of the most profitable recognized
as a result of all birds receiving it are made completely immune. Birds might
be vaccinated at 5 or 6 weeks of age.

(a) Pluck 5 or 6 feathers from the breast area of the fowl and
brush the vaccine into the follicles.

(b) In about 10 days the follicles swell and a pock develops. This
runs a course of about 4 weeks and heals.

(c) All inclined birds in a loft ought to be vaccinated on the similar
time and every ought to be examined for “takes” after vaccinations.

b. Paratyphoid is a standard infectious illness of pigeons
and might be probably the most devastating of bacterial infectious ailments
these days. It could have an effect on the fowl in some ways, and produce
such a wide range of signs that it’s typically mistaken for quite a few
different ailments. The one particular method of diagnosing paratyphoid is by
laboratory checks. A tentative analysis may be made, nonetheless, upon
observing typical signs.

(1) Signs. The course of the illness varies from a quickly deadly
blood poisoning to a gradual, power illness with, or with out, full
restoration. The an infection might happen by the egg, by means of milk
fed to kids, or by contaminated feed, water, and grit. The way
of an infection has no bearing on the course of the illness. The germs might
get into the blood-stream, go all by the physique, and trigger sudden
loss of life; or the an infection could also be much less extreme and localize in any one among
the quite a few organs.

(a) Micro organism might localize within the intestines and produce delicate to very
extreme irritation. This often leads to diarrhea.

(b) Localizations within the lungs are quite common and seem as exhausting,
dried abscesses. These are seldom so critical as to trigger respiratory
misery.

(c) Joint boils consequence from direct localization of the germs within the
joints of the legs or wings. Naturally this produces lameness.

(d) Inflammatory reactions of the spleen and liver are sometimes the
results of the localization of the germ in these organs. Continual
irritation of your complete liver can also be noticed. The stomach of such
birds often fills with fluid and the fowl then will get skinny and dies.

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(e) Paratyphoid germs very often localize within the mind and trigger
abscess formation. Such abscesses trigger a wide range of signs,
relying on which a part of the mind is concerned. Often the fowl
exhibits lack of equilibrium. It could twist its head and neck about, present
trembling of the top and neck, or different nervous signs. Such birds
hardly ever get well.

(f) Sometimes the germ will localize within the eye. The within of the
eye turns white and sight is misplaced. Solely hardly ever are each eyes concerned.
Such birds seem like very ailing and often die in a brief interval of
time.

(g) Germs might localize within the ovary of the feminine or testes of the
male. Such birds might present no signs, or they could develop into sterile. Eggs
laid by such birds could also be infertile. Children, if hatched, could also be
weak and die quickly after. Germs might localize within the oviduct and trigger an
impacted oviduct.

(h) The one particular method of diagnosing paratyphoid is by laboratory
checks. A tentative analysis may be made, nonetheless, upon observing the
typical signs.

(2) Remedy. Remedy is ineffective for visibly affected birds.
Neither medicine nor vaccines appear to be of any worth in treating this
situation. Many birds get well from delicate infections with out remedy.
Subsequently, the absolute best care ought to be supplied for the birds
in an effort to hold their resistance excessive in order that they will efficiently
fight the an infection and overcome illness.

(3) Prevention. Since contamination of feed, water, and grit by
droppings might be the best reason for paratyphoid, sanitation is
one of the best preventive.

(a) Clear the loft scrupulously.

(b) Keep sanitary consuming fountains with recent water to keep away from
spreading an infection by means of water. Take particular care to forestall
dampness from spillage or leakage across the consuming fountain, as this
makes a really perfect place for micro organism to build up.

(c) Feces from birds with diarrhea ought to be faraway from the loft as
quickly as seen.

(d) Frequent disinfection of the loft with a robust disinfectant like
4 % saponified cresol will assist hold down contamination.

c. Trichomoniasis. It is a quite common illness of pigeons
generally seen within the mouth, esophagus, or crop within the type of tacky
yellow or white lesions. For that reason it’s typically known as “canker” by
pigeon fanciers. The trigger is a motile one-celled organism. Solely the
widespread kind of this organism will likely be thought-about right here. This illness has
many carriers. It exhibits up solely the place sanitary circumstances are dangerous or
different ailments are current.

(1) Signs. The course of the illness varies in line with
resistance of the affected fowl, remedy, and care. Younger birds in
the nest develop into contaminated by “milk” of contaminated dad and mom. An infection
probably spreads by contact whereas “billing” and combating. Germs trigger
affected tissues to die. This leads to the formation of a sore or
opening down into the tissue with a varying-sized yellow, tacky
exudate or scab forming over it. Generally such scabs develop into very giant
and almost fill the mouth, throat, or crop.

(2) Remedy. Numerous medicine and chemical substances have been used to deal with
trichomoniasis. Nevertheless, this situation has proved fairly unresponsive
to common medicine. Actually, medicine would not have a lot, if any, direct
impact on the therapeutic of tissue. All that medication can do is to chop
down the quantity72 of parasites current and allow nature to restore the
harm carried out to the tissue. Urged procedures for remedy observe:

(a) Take away all yellow pus patches with cotton swabs. Then paint space
with a mix of iodized oil and sulfanilamide powder. The iodized oil
is ready by utilizing 1 gram iodine, 1.5 grams potassium iodide, and a pair of
ounces gentle petrolatum. The iodine requires a while and frequent
shaking to dissolve. Make a small cotton swab on an applicator stick,
dip it into the oil, roll it within the sulfanilamide powder, after which
apply to cleaned trichomoniasis (canker) lesion. Day by day remedy, relaxation,
and an abundance of excellent feed are vital.

(b) Clear off exudate by native purposes of tincture of iodine,
or a mix of 1 half iodine to 3 components glycerine; on the similar
time lesions will reply to such remedy. Silver nitrate could also be used
both in stick kind or in resolution.

(3) Prevention. Sanitation is one of the best preventive.

(a) Right predisposing causes reminiscent of moist flooring, nests, and
perches.

(b) Attempt to isolate contaminated birds, supplied the quantity shouldn’t be too
giant.

(c) Try to manage unfold of parasitic infestation by utilizing a
parasiticide like copper sulphate within the consuming water. That is used
in a 1-2000 resolution.

d. Tuberculosis. That is an infectious and extremely contagious
illness attributable to a highly-resistant germ which might stay in soil for two
years.

(1) Signs. The younger die out of the blue and previous birds waste away.
Grayish white nodules seem in liver and spleen, basket ulcers in
intestines, and yellow nodules in all components of the physique.

(2) Remedy. There isn’t any remedy for tuberculosis. Destroy all
affected birds and totally clear and disinfect loft.

(3) Prevention. Preserve all stray pigeons out of loft and preserve
sanitary circumstances always.

e. One-eye chilly (CONJUNCTIVITUS). (1) Signs.
There’s a watery discharge from the attention, and the encompassing membranes
are regularly swollen.

(2) Remedy. Place fowl in a heat room and deal with eye every day with one
drop of metaphin, or one drop of 15 % argyrol.

(3) Prevention. Present correct air flow within the loft. Keep away from
dampness and drafts.

f. Going gentle. This isn’t a illness in itself however a
symptom or results of a illness. Any pigeon displaying lack of flesh ought to
be remoted and noticed till the affecting illness is set.

g. Diarrhea. This isn’t often a definite illness, however the
results of another illness.

(1) Signs. Droppings are inexperienced and watery.

(2) Remedy. Sick birds ought to be remoted and noticed to
decide if they’ve another illness. Feeding of rice will often
verify the situation whether it is attributable to feed or consuming water.

(3) Prevention. Sanitary loft circumstances, correct food regimen, and recent
consuming water will assist stop it.

h. Bitter crop. Bitter crop is attributable to damp or mouldy grain,
impure water or lack of grit.

(1) Signs. The pigeon will sit with feathers ruffled. A greenish
diarrhea often accompanies bitter crop. On examination the crop is
discovered to be exhausting and distended.

(2) Remedy. Maintain the fowl with head down and gently press on
the crop till all feed has been eliminated. Flush out the crop with a
resolution73 of 4 teaspoons of bicarbonate of soda to a quart of heat
water. Feed a light-weight combination, consisting largely of rice, millet, kaffir
corn, and different small seeds. Repeat the cleansing and flushing of the
crop every day, if vital, till this situation clears.

(3) Prevention. Sanitary loft circumstances, correct food regimen, and recent
consuming water will assist stop it.

53. Exterior Parasites

Many bugs and associated species stay off different animals. A few of these
parasites, like lice, stay on the host however feed solely upon bits of its
feathers and tiny scales and excretions of the pores and skin. Others are extra
vicious and suck blood from the animal. Illnesses are sometimes unfold from
fowl to fowl by the life habits of those parasites.

a. Lice. Lice are undoubtedly the commonest of those
exterior parasites.

(1) Totally different species. There are not less than six completely different species of
lice that assault pigeons on this nation. The three most typical are—

(a) Feather louse. That is the lengthy, slender species that lives on
the barbs and shaft of the feather over almost any a part of the fowl’s
physique.

(b) Golden feather louse. This louse is just a little shorter and far
broader and lives on the feathers, significantly on the fowl’s physique.

(c) Physique louse. That is the most important of the pigeon lice. It lives on
the pores and skin slightly than on the feathers. It’s thought that these lice,
by biting the very younger pin feathers when they’re stuffed with blood,
trigger the small pinhole perforations typically seen in pigeon feathers.

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(2) Habits (fig. 41). With a view to fight lice correctly and
intelligently, it’s essential to know one thing about the place and the way
they feed, stay, and breed.

(a) Grownup lice stay on the pores and skin and feathers of the fowl and solely
hardly ever depart the pigeon. When by accident dislodged, they crawl very
brief distances to different birds. Lice can not stay longer than just a few days
away from the birds.

(b) Lice eat bits of feathers, scales, and different particles off the pores and skin.
They don’t suck blood.

(c) Feminine lice lay eggs (nits) alongside the shafts of the feathers,
significantly on the first coverts.

(d) Louse eggs hatch in 10 to 14 days.

(e) Younger lice eat, molt (3 to five instances), and develop to maturity in
about 14 days.

(3) Prognosis. Infested pigeons are stressed and continuously choose and
scratch in an effort to dislodge the lice. Closely infested birds might
develop into weak and skinny as a result of the fixed annoying motion of lice
interferes with their correct rest and relaxation. Cautious examination
of the birds will reveal the lice.

(4) Remedy. Using sodium fluoride is an efficient normal methodology
for ridding pigeons of lice. It may be utilized in two methods:

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(a) Dip methodology may be very environment friendly, however can be utilized solely in heat
climate. Birds ought to be dipped on a heat, sunny day early sufficient so
they are going to dry earlier than evening. Every fowl is immersed into the answer
as much as the top, and the feathers ruffled to permit penetration of the
resolution. Then the mouth and nostrils are held shut and the top
immersed. The dip is fabricated from 1 gallon heat water, and 1 ounce sodium
fluoride.

(b) Mud methodology could also be used at any time. The birds are held whereas
just a few pinches of powdered sodium fluoride are dusted into the feathers
over varied components of the physique. Sodium fluoride poisons lice when
they eat it. Effectivity in delousing birds depends upon thoroughness of
wetting or dusting.

(5) Repeat remedy. Neither methodology above will kill nits nor stop
them from hatching; due to this fact, the delousing should be repeated in 10 to
14 days in an effort to kill newly hatched lice.

(6) Prevention. Usually, solely pigeons carry pigeon lice. For this
purpose, the unfold of lice to or from other forms of birds is of no
concern. Nevertheless, widespread pigeons and stragglers are prolific sources of
unfold. Contact in crates can also be a standard supply of infestation. Lice
are sometimes brushed from infested birds onto the palms and clothes of
pigeoneers who later carry them to scrub birds dealt with later.

b. Purple mites. Purple mites are a standard parasite of the pigeon.

(1) Habits (fig. 42). It is very important observe the distinction between
the habits of lice and mites.

(a) Mites stay in, on, and underneath the nest bowls, nest packing containers, and any
accessible crack or crevice.

(b) Mites go onto the birds solely lengthy sufficient to feed—often about
½ hour.

(c) Purple mites suck blood from the pigeons. It’s the engorged blood
that makes the mite pink.

(d) Mite eggs are deposited within the cracks and crevices or particles
across the nest field the place they stay.

(e) Eggs hatch in 2 or extra days, in line with climate circumstances.

(f) Newly-hatched mites mature in about 5 days.

(2) Prognosis. Pigeon’s lack of situation is probably the most evident
indication of mite infestation. Precise lack of blood might be much less
dangerous to the fowl than annoyance attributable to crawling and biting of
mites.

(3) Remedy. Most good disinfectants equipped to lofts will kill
mites satisfactorily if labored nicely into all cracks and crevices.
Oily disinfectants are cheap and really efficient, however depart the
loft slightly unpleasant. Whitewash kills solely by masking up and is
ineffective if any areas are missed. For that reason, a few of the extra
refined cresols are used. 4 % saponified cresol in heat water
is kind of efficient.

(4) Repeat. Because the cresol doesn’t kill the eggs, it’s vital
to repeat remedy in 5 to 7 days.

(5) Prevention. Mites that assault pigeons are apparently the identical
as discovered on different birds, together with home poultry. Subsequently, wild
birds, straggling pigeons, and neighborhood poultry are attainable
sources of an infection. Gentle, dry, ethereal lofts don’t favor breeding of
mites.

c. Pigeon flies that are significantly troublesome in heat climates
are true flies with brief, flat, large our bodies and lengthy wings.

(1) Life cycle (fig. 46). (a) Pigeon flies stay amongst physique feathers.

(b) They depart the birds solely to deposit larvae, or when disturbed.

(c) Grownup flies suck blood from the birds.

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(d) Feminine flies deposit dwelling larvae in or across the nest bowl,
nest field, or across the loft.

(e) Newly deposited larvae are white and in regards to the measurement of a small
buck shot. Inside just a few hours, a tough shell kinds round them and so they
flip from white to brown after which to jet black.

(f) Younger flies emerge from these shells in about 30 days and are
prepared for his or her first meal of blood.

(2) Prognosis. Pigeon flies can simply be noticed crawling amongst
the77 fowl’s feathers. Their motion in addition to biting enormously annoys
the birds. Nevertheless, the best harm they do is transmitting pigeon
malaria.

(3) Remedy. A really efficient and simply utilized methodology of
remedy is to mud the birds calmly with pyrethrum powder. Sweep
nest packing containers and loft rigorously to gather pupae in order that they are often
destroyed. Pigeon flies is not going to journey removed from the birds; due to this fact,
hold stragglers out of loft and thoroughly examine newly-introduced
birds to keep away from admitting flies.

d. Mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are a quite common however often
underestimated pest. In addition to molesting the birds by biting and sucking
blood, they could transmit pox. These troublesome bugs breed in
standing water, reminiscent of swampy areas, previous tin cans, and rain barrels.
Management consists of draining or oiling breeding locations and utilizing
screens on loft openings.

e. Different parasites attacking pigeons are fleas, chiggers, ticks,
mattress bugs, depluming mites, feather mites, air sac mites, subcutaneous
mites, sand flies, and beetle larvae. Luckily, these are uncommon.

54. Inside Parasites

These are the worms that stay inside pigeons. Spherical worms are by far
probably the most quite a few. Tape worms are sometimes present in pigeons, however
seldom current a significant issue.

a. Ascarids, or widespread giant spherical worms are the most important and most
prevalent of the spherical worms. Grownup worms are from 1 to 2 inches lengthy.

(1) Habits. Data of the life cycle of a spherical worm is of nice
significance for profitable management of this troublesome parasite. This
worm has a “direct” life cycle (fig. 47) (finishing it in a single species).

(a) Mature worms stay within the higher a part of the small intestines and
feed by absorbing meals from the intestinal contents by their very own
physique partitions.

(b) Eggs (ova) are deposited by feminine worms within the intestinal
contents of the pigeon, and later cross out within the pigeon droppings. It
has been estimated that feminine worms lay as many as 12,000 eggs a day.
Feces from parasitized birds typically comprise numerous numbers of ova.

(c) Freshly deposited worm eggs are very like freshly laid pigeon
eggs, in that they should be incubated earlier than they’re able to hatch.
They should stay in heat, moist litter or soil for 10 to 16 days
earlier than the worm larvae can develop. Extreme freezing, excessively sizzling
soil, and direct daylight will destroy the eggs.

(d) When birds eat the incubated eggs, the worms hatch out of their
intestines.

(e) The tiny larvae then “sew” themselves into the liner of the
intestines and start to develop.

(f) After just a few days, the larvae crawl again into the intestinal canal
the place they mature in 30 to 40 days.

(2) Prognosis. Ascarids injure birds in a number of methods.

(a) When the newly hatched worm “sews” itself into the intestinal
lining the world across the puncture turns into infected due to
mechanical damage, lack of blood, and launched an infection. This
localized irritation renders that a part of the intestinal lining
ineffective for digesting and absorbing meals.

(b) The worm absorbs meals from the intestinal contents which ought to
go to the birds.

(c) With a view to shield themselves and keep away from being digested, the
worms give off a substance that neutralizes digestive juices. This
substance turns into blended with intestinal contents and prevents correct
digestion.

78

(d) Worms generally develop into so quite a few that they really clog the
intestines. As many as 500 worms have been present in a single fowl.

(e) Worm-infested birds present lack of situation and basic
unhealthiness. Prognosis is made by discovering worms or worm eggs in
droppings or by post-mortem on typical specimens.

(3) Remedy. The next medicine are solely efficient towards mature
worms and, at greatest, are solely 80 % environment friendly:

1-CC Oil of turpentine per fowl.

½-CC Tetrachlorethylene per fowl.

½-CC Carbon tetrachloride per fowl.

(4) Prevention. That is comparatively easy and virtually one hundred pc
efficient.

(a) Clear loft every day and supply recent water.

(b) If aviary doesn’t have a wire backside unfold clear sand about 1
or 2 inches deep over its flooring as soon as each two weeks.

(c) Change moisture and shade by sunshine and dry circumstances.

b. Strongyles are probably the most harmful of the widespread spherical worms and
probably the most widespread causes of loss of life amongst poorly saved pigeons. The
“strongyle” is a really small parasite which multiplies quickly and is a
vicious blood sucker. Grownup worms are from ½ to ¾ inches lengthy and
about the identical measurement as skinny thread.

(1) Habits. This worm has a “direct” cycle; that offers the important thing to
profitable management (fig. 45).

79

(a) Grownup strongyles stay within the higher intestinal contents, however might
be discovered as far up because the crop.

(b) Strongyles are ravenous blood suckers.

(c) Feminine worms deposit eggs within the intestinal contents which later
cross out within the feces.

(d) Eggs incubate in about 1 day, if circumstances are favorable.

(e) Younger larvae hatch out and molt about 8 hours later. These larvae
once more molt in about 3 days and are then infective. Thus, about 5 days
elapse from the time the eggs are voided by the fowl and the time the
younger larval worms hatch, molt, and develop into infective.

(f) The infective larvae are eaten by the pigeons. Then they cross to
the intestines the place they mature.

(2) Prognosis. (a) Strongyles injure the birds by lacerating
the gut and sucking blood. After the parasite strikes on, the
laceration nonetheless bleeds significantly earlier than a blood clot kinds. Every
laceration leads to an space of an infection and irritation.

(b) Fixed motion of the worms over the infected gut provides
to the irritation.

(c) Extreme, and generally speedy, lack of situation and accompanying
anemia are common signs. Prognosis is confirmed by discovering strongyles
within the gut upon post-mortem of typical specimens.

(3) Remedy. Remedy shouldn’t be passable. One-half CC doses of
tetrachlorethylene could also be tried.

80

(4) Prevention. The identical strategies prescribed for ascarids apply to
strongyles.

c. Different spherical worms attacking pigeons are quite a few, however solely
capillary worms will likely be mentioned right here. These are very skinny, hair-like
worms generally discovered within the digestive tract of pigeons from the crop
down by the gut. Their life cycle is direct. No passable
drug has been discovered to rid pigeons of this worm. Luckily, their
life cycle is just like that of ascarids, and the identical preventive
measures are efficient.

d. Tape worms, that are sometimes seen in pigeons, purchase a
size of 6 to eight inches.

(1) Life cycle. Tape worms have what is known as an oblique life
cycle, that’s they need to cross by not less than two completely different species to
full it (fig. 46).

(a) Grownup tape worms are discovered within the small gut. Their our bodies
are made up of a head and segments. The pinnacle is basically an anchor
that fastens the worm to the gut of the fowl. The physique segments
kind on the head and mature as they develop farther from the top.

(b) Every section comprises each female and male intercourse organs and, because it
matures, turns into just about a packet of tape worm eggs.

(c) Segments break off and cross out within the feces.

(d) The tape worm’s eggs are then eaten by a snail, slug, beetle, or
different insect which turns into the “intermediate host.” Right here the tape worm
undergoes a certain quantity of improvement.

81

(e) If the intermediate host is eaten by a pigeon, the younger tape
worm attaches itself to the fowl’s gut and shortly grows to maturity.

(2) Prognosis. Tape worms hurt the host by injuring the gut at
the purpose the place they bury their heads, by absorbing meals, and by giving
off antenzymes.

(3) Remedy. Unsatisfactory.

(4) Prevention. (a) Pigeons should be well-cared-for and fed in order that
they won’t care to eat the intermediate hosts.

(b) The strategy of prevention prescribed for ascarids can also be
relevant for tape worms.

55. Remedy of Accidents

a. Cuts and wounds. Pigeons have marvelous powers of therapeutic
their very own tissues, maybe due to their excessive physique temperature and
speedy charge of physique processes. The next are aids to therapeutic.

(1) Clear stable or contaminated wounds with boric acid resolution or some
very delicate antiseptic. Robust disinfectants burn the uncovered tissues and
delay wound therapeutic.

(2) Sew or suture giant tears within the pores and skin to make them comparatively
smaller. Keep away from putting suture in such a method {that a} pocket is fashioned for
this typically leads to an abscess formation. Use white silk or cotton
thread.

(3) Take away excessively tough edges or hanging flaps of pores and skin with sharp
scissors.

b. Fractures. (1) Damaged bones within the extremities of the
legs often reply readily to remedy; these involving the massive
bones current a extra sophisticated drawback.

(2) The kind of fracture governs the seriousness of the damage.

(a) Easy fractures are these through which there is no such thing as a break within the
pores and skin within the area of the fracture.

(b) Compound fractures are these in which there’s a break within the
pores and skin over the bone damage.

(c) Partial fractures are these through which the bone is cracked however
not fully separated.

(d) Full fractures are these in which there’s precise
separation of the components of bone.

(e) Comminuted fractures are these through which the bone is splintered
or fragmented.

(3) Remedy of fractures is kind of easy: convey damaged components into
contact and immobilize them to keep away from motion which could injure
delicate therapeutic tissues.

(a) Since bones heal in no matter place they’re positioned, it’s
essential to splint the limb in as almost regular a place as attainable.

(b) Take care that the splint doesn’t intervene with therapeutic.

1. Don’t bandage splint too tightly. The bandage should be cosy
to keep away from motion of the components, nonetheless, whether it is too tight, the
blood provide will likely be lower off and the limb will die. Splints utilized
earlier than the injured limb has swollen should be intently noticed for
a number of hours, or till the swelling has reached its most so
that circulation shouldn’t be impeded.

2. Pad limb with cotton or gauze to guard it from the exhausting
surfaces of the splint.

3. Mud powdered boric acid on the area of the fracture,
significantly if the fracture is compound.

(c) Splints could also be simply and satisfactorily original from items
of82 pliable tin. Lower and bend to suit contour of limb in regular resting
place (fig. 47). Splints for fractures within the shank ought to prolong
down alongside the shank on one facet, then bend to kind a loop down round
the foot and again up the alternative facet of the limb. In a short while
the fowl learns that it could possibly step on the limb with out ache as a result of the
weight falls on the loop of the splint slightly than on the foot.

(d) Splints ought to be left in place for 3 weeks earlier than eradicating.
Therapeutic, if profitable, will likely be adequate to allow removing of splint
presently.

c. Torn crops. These could also be efficiently sutured if the
edges are turned in in order that the surface surfaces, not the liner, of
the crop are available in contact. The pores and skin might then be sutured to assist assist
the crop.

56. Medicines

The next objects of medical provides and gear, within the
portions listed in present directions, ought to meet regular
necessities.

☆ U. S. Authorities Printing Workplace: 1945—621966

---

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